Why Do Small Businesses Fail Analysing the Reasons for their High Rate Essay

Why Do Small Businesses Fail Analysing the Reasons for their High Rate of Failure in the UK - Essay Example Studies show that by the third year of starting up, at least half of them close down. While there are external factors such as inadequate funding that leads to this, part of the reason is also internal - such as the work culture, the marketing being poor, the location not being right, the product being ahead or behind its times, and so on. Therefore, for an entrepreneur to succeed, it is essential that they come with not only a product/service plan but also its business plan and a back up in case the first one does not work. In the first place, there is a lot of concern that not many innovative ideas find the light of the day in the UK. According to a study commissioned by NESTA, an early stage investor in innovative and creative businesses, 80% of innovative ideas do not see the light of the day as knowledge of how to go about it, lack of funds and lack of time. However, the biggest concern was the fear of failure - what if the venture failed According to a Cambridge University's Centre for Business Research study (Fielding2, 2006) based on three surveys of more than 1,000 SMEs conducted in 1991, 1997 and 2004, SME survival rates fell from 59% to 54% over the same period. Between 1991 and 1997, 28% of the companies in the survey failed; between 1997 and 2004, that proportion rose to 32%. Among its more worrying findings, the research reveals a significant decline since 1997 in the proportion of SMEs carrying out research and development activities - from 52% to 38% - even though R&D investment is considered vital to this sector of the UK economy. Such statistics would clearly deter anyone from venturing into setting up a new business. Supporting this is the CBR finding that, since 1997, research and development activities of the small and medium enterprises fell from 52% to 38% despite it being considered important by the UK government. According to Finfacts Ireland3 website: The decline in the UK's early stage entrepreneurship rate, from 6.2 per cent to 5.8 per cent, was partly attributed to the growth in jobs in the financial services sector, where the lure of high wages was attracting many would-be entrepreneurs. According to a press release on the Small Business Service4 website: In 2005, there were 177,900 registrations and 152,900 de-registrations, resulting in an increase of 25,000 (1.4 per cent) in the stock of VAT-registered enterprises during 2005. Chapter 2 Why Start-Up The industry is already filled with businesses - large, medium and small - offering products and services right from a safety pin to aeroplane. Then why another company Is it merely the entrepreneurial spirit or is there truly something new on offer Unless the entrepreneur can truly answer this question, there may really be no point in starting a new business. For, several times, it may be the same idea in an old bottle. For instance, an idea may be approached from

The Importance of A Project Management Office Essay Example for Free

The Importance of A Project Management Office Essay Project management can be a tedious job especially if the personnel or department in charge is already loaded with tons of work. It may be hard to cope up with the schedule, time pressure, workload, and other factors. In line with this, the task of handling such tasks must be assigned to a specialized department known as Project Management Office. What is a Project Management Office? A Project Management Office is a unit or department functioning within a business, company, or agency that is charged with defining and maintaining project management standards within the company. The main objective of this office is to achieve beneficial gains from setting uniform policies, processes, and methods in managing projects(Search CIO. com, n. d). The Project Management Office will provide direction, metrics connected with practices concerning project management and implementation. The principles, methods, and practices of managing a project are based from Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) or Project in Controlled Environment (PRINCE2). These models complies with the specifications related to ISO9000 as well as in government regulation specifications(Search CIO. om, n. d). Essentially, the job of the Project Management Office is to perform related to a certain project and to work for the completion of the project. The PMO may from time to time update management regarding the status and problems of the project so that they can come up with decisions which are congruent to the goals and objectives of the firm(Search CIO. com, n. d). The Kinds of Project Management Office There are three varieties of project management offices that are suitable for organizations in various phases of developing a project. Each of them have their own pros and cons. Here is a brief explanation of the different kinds of project management offices(Billows, 2006). The Weather Station With this kind of PMO, the person-in-charge of the project is aware of what is going on with the project but does not make any action to influence it. The project officer just disseminates information without bothering the flow of work(Billows, 2006). This kind of office is most suitable in organizations that have just started in project management. The job of this kind of office is usually limited because the various line managers usually experience difficulties in incorporating various projects into their management duties(Billows, 2006). The Control Tower In contrast to the first variety, this kind of PMO provides the guidance that the project managers might need. Although they are still doing their tasks, the project managers are being instructed by the project officer. They are liable for any glitch that will happen to the project(Billows, 2006). The Squadron Commander Just like in the Control Tower, the Squadron Commander provides guidance to the project managers. However, the SC closely supervises all the people handling the project. There might be instances of successes and shortcomings but the Squadron Commander is held resposible for the general performance of the department(Billows, 2006). The disadvantage of this kind of office is that the personnel who have the technical know how as well as the most credible managers are doing multiple tasks aside from their main job. Aside from that, the job of allocating resources and prioritizing projects can go out of hand. Another problem that Squadron Commanders is that management may be hesitant in injecting company-wide standards related to project tracking and approval(Billows, 2006). History of Project Management Office The concept of modern project management can be traced to only a few decades back. During the 1960s, businesses and other firms discovered the advantages of organizing project tasks. Most companies developed an understanding on how crucial it is for their staff to establish communication and collaboration while incorporating their jobs with several departments and professions, and in certain instances, with several industries(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). The Early Years During the later years of the 19th century, at a time when businesses were becoming complicated, the corporate world began to see the evolution of project handling from simple management principles. Wide-scale government initiatives became the foundation for project management processes and principles. During the time that the United States was constructing the transcontinental railroad during the 1860s, business leaders were faced with the tough task of coordinating with workers who will engage in manual labor as well as in producing and processing of a large number of raw materials(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Into The Twentieth Century Frederick Taylor started to made further studies of work. Using scientific reasoning, he proved that labor can be evaluated and enhanced by concentrating on its basic elements. Taylor applied this view in various jobs found in steel mills, such as shoveling and lifting and transporting parts. At that time, the only method of increasing productivity is through hard work and extended working hours. Taylor believed that productivity can be improved through efficient work instead of exerting more effort and work extension(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Henry Gantt, an associate of Taylor, extensively studied the sequence of operations in work. His research delved on navy ship manufacturing during World War I. He developed the Gantt Charts, which comes with task bars and milestone markers, as a tool for outlining the order and extent of all tasks in a prcess. These illustrations proved to be a powerful aid for managers that there were no modifications for almost a century. In the early part of the 1990s, Microsoft Corporation introduced MS Project which included connector lines to the tasks bars, showing a more accurate relationship between the differen tasks. Over the years, Microsoft Office became an even more powerful tool(Microsoft Office Online, n. ). His contribution merited Gantt with a patent from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In the years leading to the Second World War, new approaches to marketing, human relations, and industrial psychology, became vital components of project management(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Middle 20th Century The Second World War necessitated the need for new organizational patterns. Complicated network illustrations, like PERT charts and critical path method were developed, providing managers with greater control over complicated projects. As the demand for new management techniqes increased, these tools extended to various industries. General system theories were applied by businesses in their business dealings during the early part of the 1960s(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). New Trends In Project Management In the last decade, project management continued to develop. At present, there are two trends evolving namely bottom-up planning and top-down planning and reviewing(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Bottom-up planning, also called agile project management, involves basic project designs, shorter project chain, efficient cooperation between members of the team, solid involvement of team members in the decision process. Common methos used in this trend are Scrum, Unified Process, Extreme Programming, Crystal, to name just a few(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). In top-down planning and reviewing, the entire organization is involved in making decisions concerning the various projects of the organization(Microsoft Office Online, n. d).

The Rebirth Of American Musical Theatre Essay example -- essays resear

Two great writers of American musical theatre, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, had one idea in common. They wanted to present to the American public a new and revolutionary musical that would stand out above the rest. They wanted to make an impact on the societies of the era. They wanted to be creative and do something that was considered rebellious. When they finally combined their ideas together they created an American masterpiece in musical theatre: Oklahoma!. It was the first Rodgers and Hammerstein collaboration, starting the most successful creative partnership in the history of American musical theatre. According to Joseph Swain in his book The Broadway Musical: A Critical and Musical Survey, there are a number of reasons why a particular work of art might be considered a milestone in the history in its genre. It might introduce innovations of technique and style so convincing that they may become extremely influential. It might attract such wide acclaim that it cannot be ignored by the artists who come after, even if the acclaimed fame eventually fades with time. It could stand as the first work of an important series. Or perhaps, it sets a new standard of artistry. (73) For whatever factors that influenced the writers to create the works they did, they produced some of the most successful and incredibly influential works of musical theatre in their time. In the years before Oklahoma! was created, Broadway was dying. New and refreshing musicals were a rare occasion and when an artist tried to create something that he hoped his audience would like, he was sadly disappointed. Broadway was suffering from a lack of what it was revered for: astounding plays and musicals. Its time of glamour and glitz was almost forgotten, and was in need of being saved. That is why Oklahoma! is considered a rebirth of the American musical theatre at the time. It brought Broadway back to life, filling theatre seats with enthusiastic audiences who embraced the changes of this new theatre musical with open arms and made it a legend. Oklahoma! set new standards for classic American theatre by introducing new techniques of presenting the musical to the audience, introducing a new genre of music into the theatre, and strayed away from the usual classic form and structure of a musical that audiences had grown used to. It was a time of change, a time of excitement ,... ...ve musical that riveted audiences and even continues to attract audiences all over the world to this day. Although Oklahoma! premiered some 40 years ago, and its style of music and dance have grown old with the passing of time, it still demands respect for its combination and imaginative ideas that revolutionized the musical industry at the time. Rodgers and Hammerstein were the dominate force in musical comedy in the 1940's and 50's. Even their flops had notable songs. Several of their shows became successful films. Oklahoma!'s importance in opening a new era in the American Musical Theatre will never be challenged. It has become an American classic that society will forever treasure for its beautiful integration of song and dance. Works Cited Bordman, Gerald. American Musical Comedy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1986. ---. American Musical Theater: A Chronicle. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1986. Ewen, David. American Musical Theater. New York: Henry Holt, 1959. ---. The Story of America’s Musical Theater. New York: Chilton, 1968. Green, Stanley. The World of Musical Comedy. Washington, DC: Da Capo, 1980. Swain, Joseph P. The Broadway Musical: A Critical and Musical Survey. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1990.

Effects of Smoking Cigarettes

tJonathan Manning ENG 103 Professor Brookins October 10, 2012 Effects of Smoking Cigarettes In this life many addictions or temptations can jump their way into the paths of many people. For example, some people get addicted to drugs, alcohol, and also money. Staying away from these day to day temptations is tough but is crucial to having a healthy lifestyle. Being a little more specific, people can get addicted to smoking cigarettes. Cigarettes contain nicotine, which is what people get addicted to and makes them want to have more. Smoking cigarettes can take a huge toll on someone’s life.People who smoke cigarettes have no idea how harmful it can be towards their life. It may not be known, but smoking can also lead to more than diseases, it could even lead to death. Cigarette smoking can affect a person’s life physically, financially, and socially. First of all, smoking cigarettes definitely has an affect on a person’s body as a whole. Also, many sicknesses or d iseases can result from smoking such as bronchitis, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, stomach cancer, bladder and kidney cancer, leukemia, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc.Also, by smoking a person is causing damage to their lungs, which will make it harder for them to breathe in the future, maybe even leading to live on the support of oxygen. They do not realize every time they bring that cigarette up to their mouth and smoke it, they are basically breathing in cancer and just throwing their lives away. Also, smoking can mess up a person’s physical appearance such as their teeth turning yellow, and also always having smoky breath, and smoky clothes, etc. People that smoke are so addicted that they become blind to what they are doing to their bodies and most importantly, to their health.Secondly, the addiction of smoking cigarettes can take a financial toll on a person, maybe a toll that takes control over their spending budget. Cigarettes are not cheap in today’s economy; the prices of cigarettes vary in price, but can and will eventually put people into bankruptcy. If someone were to by one pack of cigarettes every single day, the money yearly would add up to thousands and thousands of dollars. Finally, smoking can also cause damage to others and a person’s social life. Second hand smoke is a common disease that is affecting people’s lives today.Second hand smoke is when a non-smoking person inhales the pollution of a smoking person, taking in, unintentionally, the same fumes of nicotine and other toxic chemicals as the person actually smoking. Also, sometimes non-smokers reject smokers because they do not want to get affected by second hand smoke. From being rejected, smokers will end up friendless, stuck buying and smoking cigarettes, and maybe even stuck in depression. Getting out of depression is not an easy thing to do, it might even get a person think ing of committing suicide because they cannot keep smoking and throwing their life away.In conclusion, smoking cigarettes can harm a person in several different ways. A person’s physical life, financial life, and social life can all be affected by cigarette smoking. Another effect that smoking can cause to people is a mental disability. With so much toxic acid going into the bloodstream, which enters throughout the body and the mind, people could end up mentally ill. It is hard to grasp why people can still smoke even though they know the effects that are possible to come into play.

Leadership & Ethics- Research Paper Essay

Introduction With the collapse of major corporations like Enron, Tyco International, WorldCom and the like, corporate corruption and mismanagement has been in the forefront of some of the major issues that corporate organizations have to overcome and manage. With this research paper, my aim is to review and present three scholarly journals that highlight the impact that leadership can play on the ethical performance of an organization. Firstly, in the â€Å"Cultural & Leadership Predictors of Corporate Social Responsibility Values of Top Management: A GLOBE Study of 15 Countries†, the study states, that with the spread of globalization, it has become imperative to understand managerial values that guide their actions. The authors suggest that the three main dimensions of managerial values that are relevant to the study of CSR are: shareholder/owner values where the aim is to maximize profits, stakeholder relations which refers to ethical and positive relations towards employees, consumer groups and the like and thirdly, community/state welfare which is based on the principle of public responsibility. In a more in-depth analysis the study explores the correlation of societal culture factors such as institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism and power distance on the above three managerial values that impacts managerial decision making. Furthermore, the paper proposes that visionary leadership and integrity enhances corporate social responsibility (CSR) values on moral and ethical grounds. Secondly,† The Association Between Ethical Leadership & Employee Outcomes – The Malaysian Case† will help understand the value in gaining employee commitment and trust through effective ethical leadership skills. This article studies the impact of ethical leadership on the employee outcomes in areas such as organizational commitment and trust. A micro study was done on the country of Malaysia which has experienced a tenfold increase in corporate crime over the last 15 years. From the study one gathers that the main reason for such an exponential increase in such crimes is due to fact of the failures on part of corporate leadership to act ethically in their decision making process. Lastly, with â€Å"Leadership Styles & the Moral Choice of Internal Auditors† I will examine how an employee’s self interest and management leadership guides their ethical decision making. This study plays close attention to one set of an organization’s workers – the Internal Auditing professionals, in order to understand the how their choice in making ethical decisions are subjective to various factors , one of them being leadership. The primary viewpoint of this study indicated that an auditor’s decision making is enhanced by the leaders who adopt a standard achievement oriented leadership style and when they see clear benchmarking, fair performance assessment and growth opportunity. In conclusion, this can be held true for any employee within an organization. Hypothesis According to the GLOBE study, there were three main hypotheses that the researches proposed. The first hypothesis testing was split in two parts wherein, they proposed that â€Å"societies stressing institutional collectivist values will have a positive relationship with stakeholder’s relations and community/state welfare CSR values while societies stressing in-group collectivist values will only have a positive relationship with shareholder relations CSR values (Waldman et al).† The second theory states that cultures that have a high power distance tend to have low CSR values (Waldman et al). Lastly, visionary leadership and integrity on part of CEO’s, adds variance to the prediction of followers (stakeholders) CSR values that go beyond the effects of societal cultural values (Waldman et al). With the Leadership and Employee Outcome – The Malaysian Case, the two main hypotheses of the study were based on the notion that â€Å"there was a significant relationship between ethical leadership behaviour and employee’s organizational commitment and, that ethical leadership behaviour was positively associated with employee’s trust in leaders (Ponnu, Tennakoon).† This study aimed to examine the empirical significance of ethical leadership on employee attitudinal outcomes. The main hypothesis of the â€Å"Leadership Styles & the Moral Choice of Internal Auditors† study was to understand the motivational factors that influence internal auditors when faced with ethical dilemmas pertaining to â€Å"spilt loyalty, expectation gaps and conflict of interest (Woodbine , Liu).† The authors proposed that the dependent and independent variables such as â€Å" personal needs strengths, leadership styles, the interaction between needs strength and leadership styles and situational factors impact an internal auditors moral choices when faced with an ethical issue (Woodbine , Liu).† Sampling In the GLOBE research paper the selected firms were picked from diverse sectors such manufacturing, information systems and tourism, however government run and educational institutions were excluded from the sample. Each firm had an average of 500 employees with six or more respondents from each firm. The final analysis was based on the responses of 561 firms from over 15 countries from various regions and a total of 4656 individuals completed the survey. The respondents comprised of CEO’s and several of their subordinates i.e. top executives. The leadership (two variables- vision and integrity) and societal cultural dimensions (three variables – institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism and power distance) were measured using reliability and confirmatory factor analyses. Cronback’s alpha for the above measures ranged from 0.70 to 0.90 for a five factor model. A two factor model was also used however it was not considered to be a good enough of fit. Control Variables such per capita gross domestic product, firms performance, average of age of respondents, average education and average gender, were used to enhance precision of the model (Waldman et al). Mean, standard deviations and correlations amongst the variables were interpreted and a hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the three main hypotheses. All survey items were standardized by country using Z – scores, so as to control potential differences in items scores and rating processes between countries (Waldman et al). Lastly various data collection strategies were put in to play in order to avoid single source bias issues. The Malaysian cross sectional case study was based on the primary data collected from 172 intermediate managerial employees from a wide variety of industries within the corporate sector in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The sample included 77 males and 97 females, age range from 20 to 53 and with 84% of the respondents holding bachelors or post graduate degrees. The data was collected through self administered questionnaires and â€Å"convenience sampling was used in drawing samples ((Ponnu, Tennakoon).† SPSS Version 14.0 was used to analyze the data and test the studies hypothesis. Correlation matrix and reliability analysis was done all variables to determine relationships among constructs and lastly in order to allow for correlation amongst factors,† exploratory factor analysis using principle components with oblique rotations was conducted (Ponnu, Tennakoon).† With the Internal Auditors case study, the sample population description comprised of full time internal auditing jobs with respondents that had at least one year experience with their respective organizations. The study was conducted in Australia and comprised of mailed out questionnaires. The total sample size was 128. The demographics were as follows: 84 males and 44 females, average male age 44 years and average female age of 36 years. Out of the 128 respondents, 48 of them were audit managers of equivalent. Organizations involved in the sampling were government departments, private sector and accounting firms. Statistical methods that were employed included correlation analysis for the dependent variables using a two tailed test and significant relationship amongst the three variables was found to exist and Q-Q plots and detrended normal plots were used to validate normality and reliability. For the independent variables such as leadership styles, growth needs and the like principal component analysis was used. Reverser measurement and regression analysis using stepwise method was used to explore relationships between the variables and in certain instances to test validity of model. Major Results & Findings From the two GLOBE tables listed below the hypothesis that in-group collectivist values results in positive shareholder/owner is unconfirmed. The statistical analysis has confirmed and supported the authors proposal in that institutional collectivism positively predicts stakeholder CSR values, with a positive ÃŽ ² coefficient of 0.13 (P ≠¤ 0.01); power distance is negatively predictive of stakeholder CSR values, with a ÃŽ ² coefficient of -0.20; and that the leadership variables of vision and integrity enhanced CSR values, with ÃŽ ² coefficients of 0.23 and 0.13 respectively and variance of 9% (P ≠¤ 0.01) (Waldman et al). With GLOBE table 2, total variance amongst the three main managerial values are: shareholder/owner dimension equals 22%, stakeholder values is 45% and community/state welfare is 28% with a 5% significance level. Hence the model best suits stakeholder CSR values. The main findings with the GLOBE study are as follows: 1.The authors multidimensional of managerial values with the dimensions of shareholder/owners, stakeholders and community/state welfare values were appropriately construed. 2.The research indicates that manager from wealthier countries are more inclined to favor shareholder/owners values and less likely to consider the welfare of the state or community at large. In comparison, managers from poorer countries feel a greater personal responsibility towards society. 3.Managers from institutional collectivist societies tend to have greater value for the three managerial values while there has been no significant relationship between the two variables for in-group collectivism. 4.In societal cultures that have great power distance, managers tend to devalue CSR values, thus leading to a more manipulative use of power with little consideration given to stakeholders such as employees, customers, environmentalist. This could pose a definite risk for multinational firms in today’s global economy. 5.Organization variables such as CEO leadership in terms of vision and integrity are very likely to account for variance in managerial attitudes and decision making. One of the major recommendations of the GLOBE study is the need for multinational firms to pay close attention to cultural and leadership factors that have a critical impact on management CSR values. For example CSR values and policies of a multinational firm could be strong and this may be due to the home country’s high institutional collectivism and low power distance however managers in a subsidiary country may have weaker stakeholder CSR values as a result of weak institutional collectivism and high power distance (Waldman et al). The resulting scenario could lead to conflicting policies and business practices that can have an adverse effect on multinational firms. This further reiterates the authors’ proposal that in cases such as this, it’s the firm’s leadership values of integrity and vision that help managers look beyond the economic and cultural limitations. In the Malaysian case as mentioned earlier, correlation analysis was preformed to test strength and linear relationship amongst the variables. With the first hypothesis there was a medium positive correlation between ethical leadership behaviour and organizational commitment. The Malaysian Table 1 below shows correlations r = .46 and p < .0 5 and, co-efficient of distribution is 21% of the variance, which can be explained. Hence with the supporting empirical data the research shows that â€Å"high levels of perceived ethical leadership behaviour are associated with higher levels of employee’s organizational commitment (Ponnu, Tennakoon).† As for the second hypothesis, there was a strong positive correlation between ethical leadership behaviour and employee trust. The Malaysian Table 2 below shows correlations r = .634 and p < .0 5 and, co-efficient of distribution is 40% of the variance, which can be explained. Hence with the above results supporting hypothesis 2, it can be safely concluded that â€Å"high levels of perceived ethical leadership associated with higher levels of employee’s trust in leaders (Ponnu, Tennakoon).† Some of the main antecedents to the Malaysian case findings are as follows: 1.If leaders make ethics a cornerstone of all business practices they gain internal organizational fellowship and employees tend to value a more social exchange with the organization rather than an economic exchange. Employees reciprocate these sentiments through organizational behavioral commitment and are â€Å"willing to exert considerable effort in terms of job dedication and job commitment, on behalf of the organization (Ponnu, Tennakoon).† 2.When an organizational leader priortizes the group’s interest first, who does not wish to seek personal gain at the expense of others, who respects the rights of others and treats them fairly; tends to harness employees trust. 3.When leaders empower employees and involve them in decision making processes they not only facilitate employee well being and growth but increases their trust in them as well. With the Internal Auditors case the major findings of the study support Path goal and ERG theories (Woodbine, Liu). As per the table below, internal auditors are motivated to make ethical decisions based on their personal growth needs. Leadership styles play a significant role as well especially Standard achievement oriented approach that encourages individual performance and achievement (Woodbine, Liu). Lastly gender, age and experienced was an important predictor, as female respondents that were younger and less experienced showed less motivation towards making moral ethical choices. Conclusion The GLOBE study has been extremely informative and clearly structured to provide an in-depth understanding of how societal cultural factors and leadership guide managerial values when it comes to decision making within an organization. Some of the key limitations to the study were that the analyses were limited to 15 countries and the surveyed firms did not represent a wide range of industries (Waldman et al). Actual CSR performance was not measured and lastly, due to multiple levels of data to be collected, additional insight could not be gained. The study indicates that even though leadership integrity is a significant and unique predictor of managerial CSR values, it remains to be an under researched variable. This may be due to the fact that leadership integrity is associated with more tangible organizational outcomes such as reductions of business of costs. However, the authors still believe that it a significant factor that enhances managerial decision making and is worth future examination and research. My personal opinion would also include a more directed research towards in-group collectivism in order to find a relationship between individualistic societies and importance of CSR values towards society at large. The study concluded that, organizations that have strong corporate social responsibility values gain the trust of both internal and external stakeholder which in turn solidifies the foundations for an ethical culture. It also states that Neo – charismatic leadership that is guided by the principles of visionary leadership and integrity have a strong impact on an organization’s ethical performance. The Association Between Ethical Leadership & Employee Outcomes – The Malaysian Case† study showed me a direct link between leadership ethical behavior on employee commitment and trust. It empirically proved that unethical leadership can adversely impact employee outcomes that in turn affect organizational performance. I noted related some factors such supervision, leadership honesty, trustworthiness, fairness and care, have an impact on employee perception and outcomes. The key limitations of the Malaysian study as noted by the researchers due to time and budget constraints, was that, convenient sampling may not be representative of the entire population due to insufficient representation of the entire corporate sector of the country and could be subject to self-selection bias; secondly the study could not measure if distance with top/senior management has an effect on employee perception of ethical leadership. Hence lower level employees who have very minimal contact with upper level management may rely more on information based on public opinion then direct leadership experience (Ponnu , Tennakoon). Both authors found that their study although valid and reliable, needed to be border in terms of sample size and area of study in order to fully understand and demonstrate the importance of ethical leadership. It was also suggested that since the research focused on† superior direct relationships â€Å"(Ponnu, Tennakoon) it would be recommended to gather relevant data from lower level employees within the organizational hierarchy. Finally they suggested further research on the relationship between â€Å"employee psychological empowerment and authenticity of ethical leader behavior (Ponnu, Tennakoon)†. As per my personal suggestion further research can be geared towards relating individual organizational commitment and performance. In conclusion to the Malaysian study, the authors state that corporate crime is still rising as a large number of top executives do not see the importance of ethical leadership values in their business operations. Corporate leaders should set an example of strong ethical and moral values in order to earn loyalty and trust of all major internal and external stakeholders. Organizations that have strong ethical leaders and principles are held in high esteem and enable the organization to employ and retain the best human capital available in the market. The case study on the internal audit profession, provided for a keen micro analysis on the personal motivations that guide employees to make moral decisions especially in professions that require a high level of ethical decision making. The limitations of this study as mentioned by the authors included variable identification and measurement, sample size and the use of a far too simple three vignette based model (Woodbine, Liu). Further research in to gender differences and issues that affect one’s ethical and moral decision making ability. Lastly a broader analysis that analysis the organization as whole as opposed to a particular profession would help enhance understanding of the internal motivations that guide moral decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas. The authors also recommend a new variable for research i.e. â€Å"employee religious affiliation† as a possible predictor to moral choices. Even though the authors conclude that codes of conduct and governance systems provide for an internal control mechanism, whistle blowing channels and develop cultures of honesty and accountability, the study strongly suggests that employee’s moral choices are still subject to their motivation needs. Finally, employee’s motivation to making moral decisions can be difficult to predict however they can be encouraged with proper leadership (Woodbine , Liu). All three scholarly articles empirically supported the main objective of this study, which was to reiterate the sound business principle that, ethical leadership lead to the responsible management of business processes and decision making that will in turn help an organization manage its risk of failure as a result of unethical business practices. Works Cited Ponnu, Cyril H., Tennakoon , Girindra. â€Å"The Association Between Ethical Leadership & Employee Outcomes – The Malaysian Case.† Electronic Journal of Business Ethics & Organizational Studies 14:1 (2009). Web. Sept 19th, 2010. Walman, De Luque, Washburn et al. â€Å"Cultural & Leadership Predictors of Corporate Social Responsibility Values of Top Management: A GLOBE Study of 15 Countries.† Journal of International Business Studies 37:6 (2006). Palgrave Macmillan Journals. Web. Sept 19th, 2010. Woodbine, Gordon F., Liu, Joanne. â€Å"Leadership Styles & The Moral Choice of Internal Auditors.† Electronic Journal of Business Ethics & Organizational Studies 15:1 (2010). Web. Sept 19th, 2010.

Free Essays on Marketing Mix Paper

Marketing Mix Paper According to the textbook Contemporary Marketing Wired (1998) by J. Boone and S. Kurtz, the concept of marketing is defined as follows; â€Å" Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives." To bring this conceptual goal to fruition marketers have essentially four variables to use when crafting marketing strategies and writing a marketing plan. They are price, promotion, product and distribution (also called placement). They are sometimes referred to as the 4P's and all marketing decisions generally fall into one of the four controllable categories. The term â€Å"marketing mix† or 4 P’s, became popular in 1964 by Neil H. Borden whose original marketing ingredients included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding analysis.(1964). This was later grouped into the four categories previously mentioned. The marketing mix is the parameters that the marketer or marketing manager can control (subject to the external and internal constraints of the marketing environment at large). The marketers goal is to always make decisions that focus each of the 4 P’s on the consumers in the target market in order to generate perceived value and create a favorable customer response. The term â€Å"product† in the marketing mix alludes to not only tangible physical products but services as well. Product decisions are also encompassed in this category and include: brand name, functionality, quality, styling, safety, packaging, warranty, repairs and support, and accessories and services. The term â€Å"price† in the 4 P’s refers too much more than assigning a single cost to a produc... Free Essays on Marketing Mix Paper Free Essays on Marketing Mix Paper Marketing Mix Paper According to the textbook Contemporary Marketing Wired (1998) by J. Boone and S. Kurtz, the concept of marketing is defined as follows; â€Å" Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives." To bring this conceptual goal to fruition marketers have essentially four variables to use when crafting marketing strategies and writing a marketing plan. They are price, promotion, product and distribution (also called placement). They are sometimes referred to as the 4P's and all marketing decisions generally fall into one of the four controllable categories. The term â€Å"marketing mix† or 4 P’s, became popular in 1964 by Neil H. Borden whose original marketing ingredients included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding analysis.(1964). This was later grouped into the four categories previously mentioned. The marketing mix is the parameters that the marketer or marketing manager can control (subject to the external and internal constraints of the marketing environment at large). The marketers goal is to always make decisions that focus each of the 4 P’s on the consumers in the target market in order to generate perceived value and create a favorable customer response. The term â€Å"product† in the marketing mix alludes to not only tangible physical products but services as well. Product decisions are also encompassed in this category and include: brand name, functionality, quality, styling, safety, packaging, warranty, repairs and support, and accessories and services. The term â€Å"price† in the 4 P’s refers too much more than assigning a single cost to a produc...

God Atom or Ape essays

God Atom or Ape essays Let me explain it to you in a language you'll understand... Have you ever heard these words before? Have you ever said, or even thought, these words before? I would dare say that everyone that has raised children or has a little brother or sister has found the need to explain something to a child "in a language they'd understand". Then why is it so difficult to understand that the story of creation is not a scientific explanation of how we came about but a story explained "in a language the people in that age could understand" concerning God's relationship with them and the universe. What did they know then of the world around them? What sense would it have made to tell them that we are on a huge "ball of dirt and water with a molten core" held in space by energies we still don't totally comprehend. That the lights in the sky are planets and stars that there children's, children's, children... would someday be attempting to go to. At the time the story of creation was written it was not necessary, or beneficial, to divulge the "secrets of the universe". Just as it is not necessary to tell a child of three the details of procreation when they ask, "where do babies come from? " You speak to them in a language they will understand such as, "When a mommy and daddy love each other so much, a baby is created from that love." This is acceptable to the child and not something that will not fit with what they learn later. Though they will also learn, unfortunately, that children are also born from "one night stands", loose moral behavior, and rape or abuse. But this does not make the initial story they were told untrue; it just means there is more to it than what they were told then. So why do people have a problem believing that they were given a story that told of God's love for them, though it was not necessarily the detailed story. Why is it so difficult to believe that God's plan evolved over millions of years and millions of c...

Para Qué sirve la Matrícula Consular en Estados Unidos

Para Quà © sirve la Matrà ­cula Consular en Estados Unidos  ¿Quà © Es la Matrà ­cula Consular? La matrà ­cula consular es un documento emitido por los consulados de algunos paà ­ses  que permite la identificacià ³n de los connacionales que residen en los Estados Unidos. La matrà ­cula se entrega a todas las personas que la solicitan y cumplen los requisitos, sin importar su estatus migratorio (dado que los inmigrantes ilegales no tienen otras formas de identificacià ³n, la matricula consular es la que ms usan para este fin). Consulados que emiten la matrà ­cula consular Los consulados que entregan matrà ­culas consulares a sus connacionales dentro de Estados Unidos son: Argentina, Colombia (Tarjeta de Registro Consular), Ecuador, Guatemala (Tarjeta de Identificacià ³n Consular) y Mà ©xico (Matrà ­cula Consular de Alta Seguridad).   Cada consulado establece los requisitos para otorgarla, pero en general se solicita: un documento que pruebe la ciudadanà ­a del solicitante (como pasaporte o acta de nacimiento)uno o varios documentos que prueben el lugar de residencia (recibos de electricidad, contractos de arrendamiento, facturas)una o ms fotos tamaà ±o pasaporteuna cuota de pago de hasta $30 Cada consulado puede pedir documentos adicionales. En el caso de Mexico, los requisitos son: Prueba de nacionalidad (pasaporte mexicano, certificado de nacionalidad mexicana, certificado de nacimiento en Mà ©xico, o declaracià ³n de nacionalidad mexicana)Prueba de identidad (licencia de manejar mexicana o estadounidense, una identificacià ³n emitida por un estado de los Estados Unidos, pasaporte mexicano o de Estados Unidos, permiso de trabajo, tarjeta de voto mexicana, o cualquier identificacià ³n con foto emitida por el gobierno de Mà ©xico)Prueba de residencia en Estados Unidos (identificacià ³n emitida por un organismo pà ºblico en el que conste la direccià ³n del solicitante, o una factura de servicios pà ºblicos)Pago de $27  ¿Para Quà © Sirve la Matrà ­cula Consular? La matrà ­cula consular sirve: Como identificacià ³n en los condados  y ciudades que la admiten, como Tucson, Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston, Phoenix, Denver, San Antonio  y ChicagoComo identificacià ³n en ms de 350 bancos y cooperativas de crà ©dito para abrir cuentas, cobrar cheques o enviar dinero al extranjero. Entre las instituciones financieras que admiten las matrà ­culas consulares  se destacan Bank of America, Banco Popular, Citibank, HSBC, JP Morgan Chase, Wachovia Bank, Washington Mutual y Wells FargoComo identificacià ³n para inscribir  nià ±os en la escuelaComo identificacià ³n para obtener tarjetas de la biblioteca pà ºblica.Como identificacià ³n para acceder a  servicios pà ºblicosComo identificacià ³n para sacar licencias para negociosComo identificacià ³n para ingresar a edificios pà ºblicos de las municipalidades que la admitenComo identificacià ³n para obtener algunos servicios sociales, como  el WIC para mujeres embarazadas y menoresComo identificacià ³n para solicitar el certificado de nacimiento de un hijo nacido en Estados Unidos. Tenga en cuenta que algunas ciudades han emitido sus propias tarjetas de identidad y estas pueden ser utilizadas por los inmigrantes con los mismos beneficios y para los mismos fines de las tarjetas consulares.  ¿Para Quà © No Sirve la Matrà ­cula Consular? La matrà ­cula consular no es: Un documento que muestra el estatus migratorio legal en los Estados Unidos.Un documento que permita trabajar legalmente. Un documento de identificacià ³n para la planilla I-9 en un trabajo nuevo.Un documento de identificacià ³n en edificios federales (USCIS o cortes migratorias).Un documento de identificacià ³n para vuelos nacionales.Un documento de identificacià ³n para ingresar a Estados Unidos.  ¿Es Riesgoso Utilizarla? La tarjeta consular no indica el estatus migratorio, en ella no hay pruebas escritas de la misma. Sin embargo, una autoridad podrà ­a considerar el uso de la matricula una razà ³n de sospecha de que la persona no cuenta con otro documento legal de identificacià ³n. Aà ºn asà ­, recuerde que las autoridades no pueden obligarle a responder a sus preguntas ms all de su nombre ni obligarlo a mostrar ningà ºn tipo de documento; si una autoridad lo interroga usted puede permanecer en silencio una vez haya dicho su nombre. En esa medida, la matricula consular es una buena opcià ³n para tramitar gestiones que requieran identificacià ³n. De lo contrario usted puede usar su ITIN (Nà ºmero de Identificacià ³n de Contribuyente Individual) que le provee el IRS si no tiene seguro social. Este nà ºmero tampoco lo autoriza para trabajar legalmente pero muchos inmigrantes ilegales lo usan para pagar sus impuestos por trabajo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo y no pretende ser asesorà ­a legal.

Contexual Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Contexual Research Paper - Essay Example It can be noted that these excuses are always used many times that teachers no longer accept them as there before. Segal explains that many learners that plan out what to say and makes it a reason to believe in have an extension and excuse to give in assignments at a later date. "Creative students may win extra extensions with a little careful planning and full plot development† (Sega, pp.1). If a learner gives such excuses every time leads to a tendency to cook what to say and expect in case assignments are not done within allocated time. From the article, one can know himself or herself and always that he or she used excuses. I have come to think of where excuses are true and when tutors think they are lies. "A friend of mine in graduate school had a student who claimed that his roommate attacked him with a hammer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ in fact was a true story" (Segal, pp.2). If a person hears the reason why students fail to turn in assignments, it sounds funny although it is an actual occurrence. Many people always fall victims of such circumstances where something happens that makes them fail to do their assignments but it looks to be made up according to other persons. Such situations always even turn worse in learning institutions. Teachers are left with no choice but to exercise their punishment on a student whether the reason given was true or false. This article as fixed the way teachers look at students. The teachers have acquired a perception that students always lie in case they do not finish up their assignments. The reality is that students’ reasons for not doing assignments in time may be either false or true. Segal has negatively influenced teachers as they will always have the idea that students always lie when they do not complete assignments in time. This article has also humor in it as it is very sarcastic. The author talks about what she experiences with learners’ excuses and classify them as evils of dorm

Experiment or Quasi-Experiment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experiment or Quasi-Experiment - Coursework Example According to William M.K. Trochim, in this type of research design the most often used group is the intact groups which we think are similar as the treatment and control groups. Two significant characteristics of the NEGD are clearly manifested in this experiment. First, the sample group that is used in the experiment is practically similar in the sense that these kids all have high self-efficacy in playing softball. The second characteristic is the non-random manner of choosing the group. All the components of the group have high self-efficacy in playing softball. This clearly shows that the components of the group are not randomly picked. This experiment is definitely a quasi-experiment due to the fact that the selected group is considered without any random pre-selection process, and upon which a variable is tested. In addition, the result that is achieved of this experiment is used in generating results for general trending. Although this experiment is done for the measurement of social variables, this experiment uses the self-efficacy measurement which can actually be statistically analyzed and

How did the 1970's oil crisis affect the US SAUDI relations ( in other Essay

How did the 1970's oil crisis affect the US SAUDI relations ( in other words what does the 1970's oil shock tell us about the U - Essay Example On her part, the United States was in need of quenching her thirst for oil which Saudi Arabian offered (Frum, 2000,76). However, the relationship between the two countries was not based on equality principles, making the United States refuse to honor some parts of the agreement. This was especially when the congress ordered the government to stop the supply of weapons for fear that they would be used to launch attacks on Israel. This act coupled by direct financial and weapon aid to Israel angered many oil producing countries. The resolution was to punish the United States through the oil embargo. This gave Saudi Arabia an opportunity to demonstrate its competitive advantage over the United States. Though the embargo would later be lifted after negotiations with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, it brought changes in the way the two countries would relate in future. To the United States, there was need to review the way it related with other nations. The resumption of the relationship wit h Saudi Arabia was to be based on equality, respect and mutual benefits. The United States would also act as a mediator for peace in the Middle East instead of appearing to foster the aggression against Palestine by Israel. Great personalities such as Yamani, Ahmed Zaki and Ali Al-Naimi were imperative in shaping the relations between US and Saudi Arabia (Robinson, 1989, 87). History of the US-Saudi Arabia relationship and causes of the oil crisis The relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia is deeply rooted. Its history dates back just before the commencement of the Second World War (Ian, 2004, 87). With the realization that Saudi Arabia had a huge reserve for oil, the United States was willing to do everything possible to cement its relationship with this country. Saudi Arabia had a competitive edge that many countries in the Asian continent did not have due to its resources in oil. Its importance was demonstrated when President Franklin Roosevelt ordered protection of Saudi Arabia (Hammes, 2005, 98). While this could be described as an ulterior motive since the country wanted to benefit from oil, this act assisted in cementing the relationship between the two countries. In addition to that, the United States with its engineers began the construction of military bases, infrastructure and training the Saudi Arabian military. The agreement between the two countries included the supply of the latest weapons to the Saudis in order to protect themselves from the eminent threat of attack from aggressors such as Iraq. On the other hand, the United States would be allow to construct its military bases in Saudi Arabia, while at the same time buying oil which at the time would cost at less than $3 a barrel. This enabled the United States meet the high demand for oil. During the cold war, the relationship between the two countries became even more solid. There was a threat that the Soviet Union would attack Saudi Arabia due to their relations with the Un ited States (Hammes, 2005, 100). While the Soviet Union was spreading the communism ideologies, the United States promoted the capitalism. However, the United States demonstrated its support by defending this country against any threat. This was clear when Iraq had invaded Saudi Arabia, with an aim of destroying its relations with the west. At the time, the United States

Distributed database development assignment Essay

Distributed database development assignment - Essay Example The client can access information by directly or indirectly connecting to the database server. For example, if a client connects to a server requests access to information from a database contained on that server a direct connection established. To elaborate further, if the client connects to the Head Quarter database and requests access to the data held in warehouse (inventory ) or retail stores (item, color ) tables, he can do so by a simple query – â€Å" select * from inventory;†. This is a direct query as the object, i.e., the inventory table is not located on the remote database. On the other hand if the client connects to a server and accesses information from a database contained in another server, then an indirect connection is established. For example, if the client connects to one the retail server and accesses information from the database contained in the Brisbane Warehouse server or Melbourne Warehouse server, then an indirect connection is established as the object being accessed is not on the server to which the client is directly connected. A Distributed Database System is not just a mere collection of files that can be stored individually at each node of a computer network. In order to for a proper Distributed Database System, all the relevant files need to be stored in a logical manner, i.e., the files should be logically related, with a proper structure that facilitates easy and convenient access to the databases via a common interface. In a distributed database system, the business information of a company is distributed over a network, hence it is practical and preferable to localize the data in such a way that the information relating to the Brisbane Warehouse is stored in Brisbane and those related to the Melbourne Warehouse will be stored in Melbourne. For example, any query related to the order_id, inventory, item_id, inventory_quantity etc related to a specific location is stroed in each partition at a

Software Quality Assurance - The effectiveness of systems integrity Essay

Software Quality Assurance - The effectiveness of systems integrity assurance actions - Essay Example Mr. Spencer-Jones, the CEO admits that the firm has been under financial pressure due to reduced sales of their Maxil CC5 aircraft. This had been worsened by stiff competition from Vader Aircraft’s Vader XX8 and their yet to be launched Vader XX9 aircrafts. Nonetheless, Maxil has been a model aviation firm, until the recent tragic incident that involved one of their aircrafts, the recently launched Maxil FBW1. This report presents an analysis of the events leading to the accident; it not only indicates how the events contributed to the incident, but also makes recommendations on how improvements can be made in the development of safety critical systems at Maxil. Investigations reveal a lot of loopholes and inconsistencies that could have, in one way or another, caused the accident. Some of these include shortage of experts in engineering, design and programming, poor cooperation among project stakeholders, as well as threats and intimidation of staff. However, it is evident th at the most probable cause of the disaster was the software; data from the flight recorder indicated that the computer controlling the aircraft caused a severe height adjustment moments before the crash. Interviews with the various people involved in the design and development of the software used in the aircrafts indicate that there was a lack of professionalism, right from the programming to the testing phase. However, the most likely cause of the calamity was poor testing. Development and Testing of the Software Software testing starts during the coding of the application. The programmers identify and correct errors in the code as they continue with their work. In this case, despite the fact that Maxil has a team of capable programmers, their knowledge of the ADA and Assembler programming languages, which are utilized in the development of software in the aviation industry, was insufficient. They had to rely on Wayne Goldsmith, himself a design Engineer, to translate the code wri tten by the programmers into either ADA or Assembler. This provided an opportunity for many errors in the code to go unnoticed since only Wayne was sufficiently familiar with both ADA and Assembler. The other problem with testing came about right from management. The Metrics and Quality Manager, Sid Bentley is an expert in Mechanical Engineering, not Software Engineering. His knowledge in product and metrics testing was, therefore, not sufficient in software testing; he had just started learning about code analysis, GQM, CMM, and PROFES. He relied on the integrity and professionalism of the software engineers and a strict testing regime, hoping they would deliver quality software. However, this was not realized because of the unprofessional conduct of the programmers, coupled with the absence of a well structured testing rubric for the applications. These are evidenced by the fact that the team of programmers was not available to test the software when they were needed. In addition, much as they claimed to have the knowledge to test the software, it is not entirely professional for programmers to test their own software. The integrity of the software came into question after the testing session that was carried out by John Garside. The fact that Ralph Plunket delivered the code late, together with the threats

Distributed database development assignment Essay

Distributed database development assignment - Essay Example The client can access information by directly or indirectly connecting to the database server. For example, if a client connects to a server requests access to information from a database contained on that server a direct connection established. To elaborate further, if the client connects to the Head Quarter database and requests access to the data held in warehouse (inventory ) or retail stores (item, color ) tables, he can do so by a simple query – â€Å" select * from inventory;†. This is a direct query as the object, i.e., the inventory table is not located on the remote database. On the other hand if the client connects to a server and accesses information from a database contained in another server, then an indirect connection is established. For example, if the client connects to one the retail server and accesses information from the database contained in the Brisbane Warehouse server or Melbourne Warehouse server, then an indirect connection is established as the object being accessed is not on the server to which the client is directly connected. A Distributed Database System is not just a mere collection of files that can be stored individually at each node of a computer network. In order to for a proper Distributed Database System, all the relevant files need to be stored in a logical manner, i.e., the files should be logically related, with a proper structure that facilitates easy and convenient access to the databases via a common interface. In a distributed database system, the business information of a company is distributed over a network, hence it is practical and preferable to localize the data in such a way that the information relating to the Brisbane Warehouse is stored in Brisbane and those related to the Melbourne Warehouse will be stored in Melbourne. For example, any query related to the order_id, inventory, item_id, inventory_quantity etc related to a specific location is stroed in each partition at a

The Human Rights Act 1998 and Parliamentary Sovereignty Essay

The Human Rights Act 1998 and Parliamentary Sovereignty - Essay Example Although Section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides for a limitation on the court’s power, in practice it appears as though it is the courts rather than Parliament that ultimately determines the extent to which human rights can be enforced and protected. 1 Section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides that courts are required to interpret national legislation in such a way as to ensure that they are consistent with human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights.2 However, in practice Parliament seemingly ceded parliamentary sovereignty relative to Convention rights to the judiciary. As Young notes, Section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 â€Å"could have the same effect as if it impliedly repealed the provisions of all statutes† that are inconsistent with Convention rights.3 Some members of the judiciary have expressed concerns over how the judiciary’s enhanced role under the Human Rights Act 1998 can be applied in a manner that corresp onds with Parliamentary sovereignty.4 Goldsworthy however, argues that concerns about the Human Rights Act 1998 usurping Parliamentary sovereignty and introducing judicial sovereignty are unfounded. The Human Rights Act 1998 does confer unprecedented authority upon the judiciary in terms of interpreting statutes so as to render them consistent with Convention rights. At the same time, the Human Rights Act 1998 does not provide the judiciary with the authority to â€Å"disapply† or â€Å"invalidate† those statutes.... Lord Hope observed that: The rule of law enforced by the courts is the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based.10 Therefore from Lord Hope’s perspective, Parliamentary sovereignty has evolved with the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998 and has not altered the UK’s constitutional principles and values. Lord Steyn, however alludes to a dual sovereignty shared by the judiciary and Parliament as a result of the Human Rights Act 1998.11 Keene argues that the Judiciary under the deference principles implicit in the Human Rights Act 1998, attempts to strike a fair balance between individual rights and â€Å"the need to respect Parliament’s proper function†.12 This balancing act can be observed in the judgment of Laws LJ in International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary of State for the Home Department. In this case Laws LJ set fourth four guiding principles for judicial application and interpretation of Convention rights under the a uthority permitted by the Human Rights Act. To begin with, the courts must give deference to Acts of Parliament rather than to executive or other official decisions and measures. Secondly, there will be no deference in instances when the Convention calls for a fair balance or where the rights under the Convention are absolute. Thirdly, where parliament will be given deference in instances where the manner is within their constitutional prevue and less deference will be given when the matter is within the judiciary’s constitutional prevue. Finally: Greater or less deference will be due according to whether the subject matter lies more readily within the actual or potential expertise of the democratic powers or the

Football as a desirable life Essay Example for Free

Football as a desirable life Essay Why do children want to be a football player? Why also their parents encourage them to be a football player? Because it has satisfaying reasons for people whose life involves football and it is easy to play with just one ball in an open area. Also children playing football can be chosen easily by the professionals in their early life. Therfore, the gates of the world which they have dreamed open. So, playing in a football team has two benefits about player’ character and opportunities. To begin with, playing in a football team improves and molds the player’s character. Playing in a football team builds self-confidence and betters it. Players usually set goals for themselves when they have begun to football. They believe in themselves and want to show their success to their family and friends. So, they start to work hard to reach those goals. When they achieve their goals with people’s testimony, they obtain unbreakable self-confidence. Children who began to football in their childhood grow up faster than the children who did not thanks to strong self-confidence. Football not only affects players in their childhood, it also affects them in their latter life when they win. Because football teams compete in a football leauge in their own country. They are playig to be best in the leauge. So they have to believe in themselves and play well. When they became champion of the leauge it means that they are the best team of the country therefore, their self-confidence increases. Football also makes players take responsiblities and risks for themselves and for the team. For example a goal-keeper has a lot of responsibilities and pressure on his shoulder. Also other players feel the same thing but not as the same as the goal-keeper. Players have to play well enough and do their job well but no one win everytime. Players must be prepared for both success and failure therefore players have to be mentally ready. So football is benefical for players and it learns to players being a team. People playing football are not selfish because it is a team game and it is all about the team spirit which is one of the benefits of the playing in a football team. Another satisfying benefit of playing in a football team is that it can make life beter and players may have chance many opportunities. It make easy to go abroad. Because of the games which are hold in the other countries, players can go those countries with the team so easily. Then they can meet new people from other countries as well. Also they can meet the other famous and legendary players also other people which they love such as writers, actors thanks to their opportunities as those people also love football. Players also can visit the historical and natural places which are in all around world. There are some parts of places that ordinary people can not access but players may access those parts easily. The most important benefit fot lots of player it has a well-paid salary. Players insured by their team since they begun to play football on professional team. If they have some health issues whether they are serious or not insurance agency pays their cst maket he treatment on the best conditions. Players also can insure their whole family thanks to their salary. Playing in the football team can also help the player in te educational area. Some universities give scholarships to football players. They can play on their team and they can be educated by the good universities in their school life. To sum up, it is an undeniable fact that lots of people have wanted to be a football player because of its benefits which are about player’s charecter and opportunities of playing football. Some people attracted by the benefits of the football reach their dreams and live the life which they have always wanted to live, but the others watch them everyday and they feel sorry about that why they are not a football player. In short playing football is important in terms of many benefical aspects. That is why people want to be a football player.

Profile of Henri Fayol, a Founding Father of Management

Profile of Henri Fayol, a Founding Father of Management Background and Carrier Henri Fayol was a French industrialist and manager, working in the mine industry and looking for applicable solution to business management. He went to school in Lyon (the second largest city of France) and enrolled at the engineering school of Saint-Etienne (Ecole Nationale des Mines). He received an education as a mine engineer and graduated in 1860 from this school at the age of 19. He was first employed as an engineer at Boigues, Rambourg and Co. In 1874, this company became Commentry-Fourchambault SA or Comambault). It is important to notice he spend all his professional life in the same company experiencing its expansion and knowing well its structure and production methods. Fayol was first remarked as an engineer when he wrote a paper proposing a solution to fire hazard, fire fitting and spontaneous combustion in mine, destructing men and installations. In 1866, he was appointed director of a single mine of Commentry at the age of 25. The company was going through expansion an d added several other mines to the company in other part of France such as Monvicq coal mine and Berry Iron Ore Mine. He became the directors of those mines as well at the age of 31. In the same time, those expansions did not translated in increase of dividend. Quite the contrary, Fayol had to face the fact that Comambault was in dire financial straits. In the late 1880s, the company had failed to pay dividends for at least 4 years. In 1888, at the age of 47 he became the CEO of the Comambault conglomerate. The objective of his mission as a CEO was to make the company viable again which he did. He worked closely with his managers to turn the company around, closing inefficient units, investing in research and technology and expanding the geographical base of the company. In 1908, in a discourse he gave he reminded this episode of industrial history: In 1888, the company Commentry-Fourchambault was on the verge of disappearing in abandoning its plants and in resuming the exhaustion of the mine stocks, when a change of head office came. Since then, the company prospered again. The companys history shows that its fall and rising are uniquely an effect of the administrative process employed. This is with the same mines and the same plants, with the same financial resources, in the same commercial situation, the same board of directors, and the same personal that the company raises again to this moment. Therefore, some administrative methods leave the company to its ruin; other methods give it its prosperity back. Work, experience, knowledge and good will of several thousands of people had been sterilized by some dysfunctional administrative process. And other administrative processes emphasize all its strength. Fayol was head of a very large business with over 10,000 employees, which at the time, was comparable to todays international companies. He remained CEO until his retirement at the end of WWI, in 1918. Before his retirement in 1916, Fayol published his main book Administration Industrielle et Generale in the professional publication called Bulletin de la Socià ©tà © de lindustrie minà ©rale. In 1917, he sets up the Centre for Administrative Studies (CAS) in Paris. His reflections were published as a book only in 1925, the year of his death. This centre was important in diffusing his ideas. It organised seminars and colloquium with industrialists, public sector officials of the French state, engineers, the military, and various academics. The CAS was a platform from which collaboration and further works could be done. From 1921 to 1925, he collaborated to several studies on behalf of the Frenchs public sector. Notably, he produced a study of the Post and Telecom Department as well as the French Tobacco and Match monopoly. Why a founding Father of Management? One remarkable feature about Henri Fayols influence in management is the fact that he is little known compared to Taylor (1856-1915) who lived roughly at the same time. The epoch of the great development of the XIX century industry does not explain why one hits more fame than the other. In 1912, Charles de la Poix de Frà ©minville met Taylor and stated to spread the principles of Taylorian organisation of work. Taylors work dealt with the workshop of manufacturing and Fayols with the mining industry and its general management. One must say that one aspects of the relative slow diffusion of Fayols ideas, is due to timing. In 1916 and 1918, France was dealing with the WWI and its aftermath. Although many of Fayols principles he developed in studies during 1921-25 could have been used for bettering the management of the French state agencies and enterprises were not followed. The reason have to be found in the institutional change of France at the time, whereby France was separating th e church from the state in education, the growth of the public sector, labour union and large businesses correlated with the rise of professional managers and the interest in technology development. My view is that, for ideological reason, when the French state was trying to reinforce itself (by establishing national system of education, nationalisation of companies (train system, post telecom, etc.) but also vis-à  -vis the threat of Germany), Fayols pragmatic criticism and suggestion to change the states forms of management were not always welcome. The reinforcement of the state own industry and the regulation of market by state agencies went well until 1986. That is in the large part, the reason why the French themselves did not consider Henri Fayols work the convenient resource to deal with the management of the Frenchs state agencies and industries. The US business school considered Henri Fayols works worth teaching their undergraduates. It only since the last 10 years (around the end of the 1990) Frenchs scholars have been studying back their own managerial roots. Despite the history of how Fayols ideas come about, one may ask us what is important in them to be consider foundational to management thought. In fact, there is, as any classical management thinker, a basic originality in Fayols proposition on the need of management regarding the dealing of the industry. Fayols Originality To a large extend, all management thinkers and practitioners view the management function as the means to organise technical function of the business toward an optimal economic efficiency. In this respect, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor or Alfred Sloan do not differ in their aim. One can find Fayols formulation of the role of management in the industry in a talk he gave in 1900 at the Congrà ©s International des Mines et de la Metallurgie. Fayol makes the following remarks: The technical and commercial services are rather well defined, which is not the case of the administrative services. The way it is built and the attribution it fulfils are not well known, its operations are not immediately clear. It does not visibly built, forge, sell or buy but nevertheless, everybody knows that if it does not work well, the company goes downhill. [Something on] recruitment: It is necessary to link theory and practice in engineers education. But it is about the proportion of each we may differ. Some think one needs to overcharge the programs as well as the lectures given in the engineering schools, other think that we have already reached the limit of theoretical teaching and that one waist our elites youth one or two years that would be better employed in active life. He also make clear in his Book, General and Industrial Management, the difference of skills and attention one needs to deal with engineering work and management work. Fayol drew attention to the need for schools and universities to educate people about administration as a topic of its own right (in conjunction to engineering, and not engineering alone). The point of his reflection on the education needs of the engineers was trying to deal with the qualities required to make a good manager rather than relying on the formal rules of engineering, its aura amongst the bourgeoisie to provide good job to their kids. For that matter, the list of qualities needed to get effective manager is rather dissimilar to what is required to be an engineer alone: Physical qualities: health, vigor, address (manner of behaving) Mental qualities: ability to understand, judge and adapt Moral qualities: energy, firmness, willingness to accept responsibility, initiative, tact, loyalty and dignity General education Special knowledge: pertaining to the functional context of work, function, technical and so on. Experience: knowledge of work, recollection of lessons from experience. Fayol take the need of education very seriously. He indicates three main sources of issues that can potentially trouble the good education of managers: (a) the problem of industrial concentration, (b) the role of higher technical education and its abuse of mathematics and (c) intellectual curiosity. The problem of industrial concentration Managing great business has always presented great difficulties. To get a grasp of it, suffice to glimpse over the various charges a CEO has to take into account. Those difficulties are inherent to the nature of things and have existed at all time. But what did not exist all the time was the recent industrial development and industrial concentration which increased considerably the proportion of big deals and show the lack of good CEO. The role of higher education and the abuse of mathematics We abuse mathematics in the belief that more one knows it, more one is able to govern businesses. Also, [we are in the belief that] their study, more than anything else, develops and makes the judgement correct. Those are mistakes which cause serious issues to our country and which seems to me useful to fight. () A long personal experience taught me that the use of higher mathematics is worthless in business management, and that engineers, pitworkers or steelworkers almost never use it. I firmly believe that elementary mathematics contribute to form your judgement, as all other branches of general culture. I nevertheless do not believe that an intense higher mathematical culture, imposed without necessity to future engineers has the same effect. The excessive culture of any kind of science is unhealthy to both the physic and the intellect. The studies of mathematics do not make exception. Studied at length with intensity, it leaves intact only the well balanced brains. One sees transcending mathematicians without common sense and we see numerous men of common sense who are not mathematicians. Intellectual curiosity You are not prepared to take the direction of a company, even small. School did not give you the administration, commercial and accountancy notions you need to be a CEO. Even if school would have provided them, you will still lack practice and experience that can only be acquired by the contact of men and things. () one asks you to bring with you your diploma, reflection, logic and a spirit of observation and dedication to the accomplishment of your task. Work to complete your professional knowledge, but do not neglect general instruction. Directors inspiring high esteem and admiration never stopped, you will see, to learn through constant effort. () You belong to the intellectual elite, so you should not be uninterested in news, you should be aware of the general ideas agitating modern society in all domains. One sees that Fayol saw that the engineering education (such as he received with its predominance of mathematics) did not answer the challenge one is facing when dealing with organisation and human matters. He saw in management the field of practice and reflection that was needed in the domain where engineering, although provide efficient techniques for dealing with materials, was unable to address the human aspects. It does not mean that management was a sort of humanism but the normal counter-part of the rationalisation of an organisation (private or public) having in mind that one needs to take a special attention to the question of human organisation if one wants an industry to function. Fayols Administrative Theory As a result of his experience and of a continuous reflection on the way to make corporation work best, in situation of change, he reckons one needs to establish an administrative theory which takes into account: The need of projections. It demands to establish a system of yearly projections for the long term objectives and monthly projections for special activities in the company fitting the global planning. The role of projection for the personal is to be able to assess what has been achieved as people go on working. To fight bureaucracy by facilitating the face to face relations, avoiding the multiplicity of hierarchies which increase the irresponsibility of the directors. Also one needs to stability in hierarchy and the possibility to reward or penalize the use of power. Pragmatism has to be applied in the division of labour by controlling decisions to be always balanced with the situation. The need to use control managers to be able to take decisions rapidly before it turns to be catastrophic. In the general literature in management, Fayol is often seen as the top-down manager that worked out the tools of governance to the distribution of task. In fact, his main focus was not to formalise the tools of decision making in a simple chart to follow. Fayols point was that an organisation could not be managed with a simplest view concerning both the function of the organisation and its human components. And for that matter, it is first necessary to consider the organisation, not simply from the tasks analysis view following technology application the industry, but as an integration of several key functions. In other words, Fayol invites us to grasp at once the complexity of the management of business organisation by taking into account the following functions: Techniques (production, transformation), commerce (business and sales), finance (capital management and research), security (protection of goods and persons), accounting (balance sheet, inventory, factory price, statistics, etc) and administration (foresight, organisation, command, coordination and control). Donald Reid (in his paper on Fayol called Fayol: From Experience to Theory) make clear that Fayol, as a practitioner, did accumulate a number of industrial and managerial experience before putting his ideas on paper. He kept copious notes of his observations, having a particular interest in organisational failure and the nature of responsibility and authority among key decision makers. In 1861, Fayol write in his notebook an example of management failure. In one mine, he saw that all work had to be stopped because of an injury to a working horse. The mine manager was absent and the stable manager had no authority to obtain the replacement of the injured horse. In the case of the horse replacement, it was the inability of the company structure to deal with this technical problem that causes inefficiency. Fayol did identify that authority was required to overrun narrow conception of decision making that did not keep the final objective in mind. Fayol was able to overrun the absence of the stable manager in order to get things done. In this case, one sees that authority is neither authoritative nor working without the flexibility demanded by the condition of the situation (the production of coal in this case). In his work, General and Industrial Management, he reviewed all aspects of management involved in the running of a business. Concerning the authority, he came with a list of principles: Unity of command Hierarchical chain of command Separation of powers (authority, subordination, responsibility and control) Centralisation Order. But he did not concentrate only on authority since his interest was about the functioning of the industrial business in its entirety. Since most of the problems he encountered were not technical in the sense of related to engineering skill; but mostly managerial, he came to the conclusion that one needed a certain element of creativity in the managerial practices in order to accommodate industrial realities. For example, he gave the possibility of experienced workers to become supervisors of work groups. In developing working teams with the authority to act and make decisions in the mines, it improved both motivation and effectiveness. The objective was to make them responsible for quality and the timing of work. He observed that all employees are involved in the administration of the business to a greater or lesser degree. In his book General and Industrial Management, he draws a comprehensive perspective of all his experience. One may call this a general theory. But it is clear that in Fayols words, it is an attempt to generalise the sum of experiences he has observed in managing Comambault in order to deliver a compendium of his ideas that could transcend industry and organisational types. One sees that in keeping the area of management large (from the decision making, the work relationship as well as the selection of human resources) Fayol identified the following principles of management (see text 1 of the reading list): Division of work specialisation of labour Authority the right to direct the work of others but requiring commensurate responsibility for actions and performance Discipline obedience and respect for the organisation and fellow workers Unity of command one superior rather than many in contrast to F W Taylor Unity of direction one agreed plan of action leading to focus and coordination of effort Subordination of individual interest to the general interest Remuneration to incentivise and make employees more valuable Centralisation to achieve the right proportion of centralised and decentralised decision making to optimize personnel Scalar chain the chain of authority from top to bottom, allowing also for lateral communication and decision making (the gang plank) Order people and resources in their appropriate place Equity equitable employee relations based on respect and kindliness Stability of tenure of personnel to assist in resources planning Initiative encouraging energy and zeal throughout the organisation Esprit de Corps building a sense of belonging and team work

Les Miserable Essay -- essays research papers

t  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Les Miserables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables is one of the most captivating plays of our lifetime! It grabs the audience and pulls you in head first. You can't take out eyes off of the stage, and even if you can, the music will take your breath away! I have seen the play 3 times and I don't think I enjoy anything in this world more than watching that play!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables starts off on a chain gang in France. The sheriff comes out and gives one of the convicts his release papers. This convict is the lead role who name is Jeran Valjean, who has served 19 years on the chain gang for stealing a mouthful of bread. Jean Valjean leaves the prison and sets out to find work. But no one will give him work because of his tattoo which reads 24601, his prison ID number. Then in the time when he couldn't be more down a priest invites Valjean to stay with him. Despite the kind priest taking him in and feeding him, Valjean decides to take the silver from the table. In the run he gets captured be the police. But instead of telling the truth about Valjeans thievery, he gives the criminal more silver and sends the police away. He makes Jean Valjean promise that he will become an honest man with this silver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next scene in 10 years later set in a factory where we meat the other main character, Fantine. As she is reading a letter her perverted boss snatches it up with his hands and re... Les Miserable Essay -- essays research papers t  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Les Miserables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables is one of the most captivating plays of our lifetime! It grabs the audience and pulls you in head first. You can't take out eyes off of the stage, and even if you can, the music will take your breath away! I have seen the play 3 times and I don't think I enjoy anything in this world more than watching that play!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Les Miserables starts off on a chain gang in France. The sheriff comes out and gives one of the convicts his release papers. This convict is the lead role who name is Jeran Valjean, who has served 19 years on the chain gang for stealing a mouthful of bread. Jean Valjean leaves the prison and sets out to find work. But no one will give him work because of his tattoo which reads 24601, his prison ID number. Then in the time when he couldn't be more down a priest invites Valjean to stay with him. Despite the kind priest taking him in and feeding him, Valjean decides to take the silver from the table. In the run he gets captured be the police. But instead of telling the truth about Valjeans thievery, he gives the criminal more silver and sends the police away. He makes Jean Valjean promise that he will become an honest man with this silver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next scene in 10 years later set in a factory where we meat the other main character, Fantine. As she is reading a letter her perverted boss snatches it up with his hands and re...

Bilingual Education Beneficial for Kinderkarten

Bilingual Education: Beneficial for Kindergarten to Catch it Young By M. H 7th December 2012 Abstract: Research has shown that bilingual education has positive effect on kindergarten children. The purpose of this research was to study the benefits of bilingual education, which further helped in recommending marketing campaign for the Canadian kindergarten school to increase enrolments. Several analyses were taken into account like â€Å"Simon Task† and core group task to understand the benefits. Study reveals that bilingual children perform better cognitive, analytical tasks and have better success rate than monolingual children.Keywords: Children, Bilingualism, Kindergarten, Cognitive, Bilingual, Education, Monolingual Page | 1 Introduction This report aims to address positive effects of bilingual education on young children and to provide recommendations to Canadian kindergarten school through marketing campaign to increase kindergarten student enrolment. Different research methodology taken into account in this report, which has been extracted from researches done by PhD students, professors, doctors and scientists to provide evidence on the benefits of learning in two languages.One of the approaches considered in this report was â€Å"Simon Task† conducted by Ioulia Kovelman and Ellen Bialystok, PhD student of York University, Canada. This provides empirical evidence that bilingual kids outperform cognitive tasks than monolingual flock. Moreover, Bilingual children are more creative, intellectual and have longer attention span. Findings 1. 1 Perform Cognitive Tasks Better Several researches were undertaken in the past 20 years; to prove bilingual children are superior to monolingual kids.In the recent past, Ioulia Kovelman and Ellen Bialystok, PhD student of York University, Canada evaluated children aged between 4-6 years. During their research, they made two core groups, one group was monolingual who were fluent in their native language . i. e. French or English and another; group was bilingual (with proficiency in both the languages, written and oral). The idea was to test cognitive ability of the core group for which â€Å"Simon Task† method was considered. It is a universal method practised by scientists to understand how human mind functions and performs certain tasks.The aim was to understand how kids respond to different colours and visuals. Hence, kids were asked to separate different shapes as per their colour and size, generated by computer which popped up from different sides of the screen. Results were surprising as bilingual children were more accurate than monolingual group. Study depicts that bilingual brain functions faster and has divergent thinking skills which allows brain to recognize and differentiate different objects at the same time. Therefore, bilingual children tend to be smarter than monolingual peers and perform cognitive tasks better. . 2 More Creative with Analytical Abilities A rese arch conducted by Dr Lauchlan in Scotland and Sardinia, Italy- 121 children under age of 9 were taken in a group with monolingual and bilingual abilities, and were asked to perform different mathematical, creative, linguistic and physical assignments. The emphasis was to evaluate how children respond to different tasks. The bilingual learner’s performance and intellectual capabilities were significantly higher i. e. (52%) than monolingual peers (48%) (Refer figure 1. 2) Page | 2Figure 1. 2 Pie chart adapted from data provided by Dr Strathclyde research. 1. 3 Greater Success Rate There has been sufficient evidence, which reveals that bilingualism is an asset, as it provides higher employment rates over monolingual person. As stated in 2006 Canadian census, knowledge of French and English provide more job opportunities as compared to knowledge of French or English alone. Refer to the following graph (figure 3. 3) Fi gure 3. 3 Page | 3 It is apparent from the graph that bilingua l people have higher job prospects.This is an era of globalization, where most of the organizations are multinational. Hence, organizations prefer to hire employees who are proficient in different languages and understand diverse cultures. 1. 4 Brain Development â€Å"Children who learn a second language before the age of five have been shown to have denser grey matter in their brains than their monolingual peers† (Dai, 2012). According to Cumming (2005) research shows brain has two prominent tissues visible to eyes known as white and grey matter. Source: Mechelli, A. Nature, October 2004; vol 431: p 757.In 2004 research conducted by Dr Mechelli and his team at University College, London, revealed similar results. During their research they evaluated brains of monolingual and bilingual people who were introduced to second language early in their life. One set of group started learning second language at the age of 2 and another people were introduced to new language at the ag e of 30. The study reveals, those who initiated learning second language early had better command and proficiency in second language. Furthermore, density of grey matter on the left side of their brain was higher. Grey matter is combination of â€Å"head† nerves functions for coordination and communication) Conclusions: It is apparent that children who start learning in two languages at early age have cognitive and linguistic benefits over children who are mono-linguistic. Also, it prepares children for future to get better employment. Diversity comes naturally to bilingual children as it helps them to grow, understand different aspects of life and prepares them to adjust in multicultural environment, as they imbibe certain characteristics during the course of time.Due to these characteristics it makes children smarter and more confident as they learn in two languages. Page | 4 Recommendations: ? Canadian kindergarten school should work on integrated marketing methodology to lure and educate parents on the benefits of bilingual education. Publicise print ads in newspaper, magazines and different educational websites focusing on curriculum inculcated by school, to ensure their focus is to flourish analytical and cognitive skills of kids while they learn two languages as bilingual kids tend to become sharper day by day. ? School should conduct ducational fairs near school vicinity to provide information and familiarise parents about bilingual education. Especially for a strong economy like Canada where people are expected to speak two languages. When children are introduced to second languages early in their life they learn quickly, master the art of language and become proficient as they are agile and creative. ? Prospective parents should be invited for personal webinar and chat sessions on school website. Prime focus should be on how dual language learning can transform kid’s life in a positive manner as it provides exposure to different culture and diversities.Perhaps, helps children later in their life for better employment opportunities. ? E-mailers and Direct mailers should be sent to parents emphasizing the fact that a child’s brain grows faster with bilingual education . Also, it builds analytical, mental, linguistic and creative skills by allowing brain to respond to two different languages. Page | 5 References 1. â€Å"Bilingual children ‘better at problem-solving skills† 2012, Scotland (UK),United Kingdom, Scotland, viewed on 24th Nov 2012, ; http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-19109883; 2. 3.CummingW(2005),† The capacity of the brain in learning multiple languages†, London Sage Dai, A,2012, It’s a Small World After All from, viewed 23 rd Nov 2012 http://www. thethunderproject. org/its-a-small-world-after-all/#more-1053 4. Genesee, F 2004, ‘What do we know about bilingual education for majority language students? ’, in TK Bhatia & W Ritchie (eds ), Handbook of bilingualism and multiculturalism, Blackwell, Malden, pp. 547576. 5. Hitti ,M,2004,†Being Bilingual Boosts Brain Power† MDHelth news, viewed 25 th Nov 2012 6. Lowry ,L, â€Å"Are Two Languages Better than One†, The Hanen Centre, viewed 24 th Nov 2012, ; http://www. anen. org/Helpful-Info/Our-Views-on-the-News/Are-Two-Languages-Better-Than-One. aspx; 7. â€Å"Language Learning and the Developing Brain† (1996, winter). Learning Languages, 1 (2), 17. 8. MarianV, Faroqi-Shah, Y, Kaushanskaya,M, H. K & & Sheng,L. 2009, â€Å"Bilingualism: Consequences for Language, Cognition, Development, and the Brain†, Asha Leader, vol. 14, no. 13,pp. 10-13, viewed 20th Nov 2012. 9. Mechelli, A. Nature, October 2004; vol 431: p 757 10. â€Å"The advantages of bilingualism in Canada† 2008, Canadian council on learning, viewed on 25 th Nov2012, Page | 6