Psychology textbook Essay

I didn’t know that psychology actually had a goal until I read the introduction to Psychology textbook. I am learning a lot of new things on this subject. For instance science of psychology has four main goals and they are as listed, described, predict, understand, and mental process and influence behavior. In my own words here they are. Describing: collecting information from the population by certain targeted people. The prediction goal is self explanatory it’s mostly meant for making assumption or predictions of what will become of your study before you actually know what will happen. The third goal of psychology is Understand, in this area you never really know when the information that you learn will change the next day or even within the next year. Psychology is a continuously growing field and the information that is gathered is only considered as theories and always changes, sometimes without knowledge or notice. Lets move on to influences which in my opinion one of the most used in everyday life . for instance a toddler is encourage to learn how to walk and talk. And a teenager can be pressured into doing things and making choices that they wouldn’t originally have made without the influence from their peers. Influencing people can be good too. For instance you can be influenced by coworkers and supervisors to take an open position that they feel you would get with no problem. Another example is to get the influence to do better than you are currently doing whether it be work, school, or making a better relationship with you family. The Biology and behavior was hard for me to decide what section to write about because there were so many to choose from. I didn’t want to be wrong about this section so I decided to pick the part that stood out the most to me. I am going talk about the Nervous System. It’s a really important part of the body because it helps you maintain consciousness and your behavior. The nervous system has billions of neurons. They are too, a very important part in the body because they do things such as sending messages from one end to the other end of the neuron. They are also called wires. To show why the nervous system is a really important part of the body, I will use the wires in a radio for an example. The wires in the radio are the main connection for it to provide power to send to the wires that go throughout the radio in order to hear the sound and in for it to recognize what needs to be done when certain buttons are pressed. Without the power cord the radio would really have no use. When the power cord is plugged into a power outlet the power cord provides the ability for the radio to produce sound from the speakers. It enables the buttons to work properly so that you can press the play button on the radio and hear the tracks on a CD. The wires also give you the ability to actually hear the music that comes out of the speakers. The next topics I will mention are sensation and perception. First I will mention what sensation is, it allows your brain to connect with the outer part of your body and transfer it to the inside of your body to your brain. For example, touching things with different temperature let’s say you touch or hold ice. If you hold it the ice long enough you may begin to feel a numbing sensation and you may start getting cold or experiencing the chills or goose bumps. Another example would be touching something hot. Due to the high degrees in the object you may experience pain or even have burn marks on your skin. Now lets move on to Perception which n my words mean, getting information and making images of them. There are a few different types of perception for instance â€Å"constancy† this also has different types. But for now we will use size constancy. When you look at the very same object from different angles and distances, it may appear smaller or bigger than it really is. Picture looking at a large building out of a window on an airplane before it takes off of the ground and try watching it until you get in the sky. It will appear to be much smaller than it did when you were viewing it at a closer distance but you know the actual building didn’t get smaller, it was the distance that you were viewing it at that made it look a different size. We all must know that perception is just about the same in everyone and that’s the reason we are able to communicate with each other.

Philosophy of mind Essay

?The theory of Dualism refers to the idea that a substance is made up of two fundamental components; mind and matter. The mind component of Dualism refers to thinking and consciousness without an extension into space, whereas, the matter component of Dualism refers to a substance which pertains physical properties which extends into space. The essential essence of the mind is thought, while the essence of the body is extension, which is examined in Renee Descartes’ Six Meditation in which he explores the ontological distinction between mind and matter. Descartes argues that God only allows us to perceive that which exists, otherwise he would be known to be deceitful. Furthermore, one can perceive two separate entities as complete things whose principal attributes exclude one another, therefore, God can also separate these entities to allow them to exist without one another. This point goes on to demonstrate that if two entities can exist in separation, regardless of whether they do or they don’t, they really are distinct of one another. Ultimately, in relation to Cartesian Dualism, the mind cannot be perceived as a substance which pertains to an extension, and subsequently matter is clearly perceived as a substance to which the mind does not pertain. Descartes goes on to highlight that due to the aforementioned reasons, the mind and body can exist separate of each other, concluding that they are distinct. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa In response to Descartes’ input on Dualism, Jaegwon Kim essentially puts forward the idea that objects that are intangible, such as the mind, cannot interact with tangible objects located in space, however, they’re also unable to react causally to any other object as well. In essence, Kim aims to demonstrate that intangible things have an inability to form causal relationships in any manner with any object. Ultimately Kim suggests that due to intangible things inability to form causal relationships with other objects, it makes the ideas Dualism puts forward in relation to intangible objects, useless and invalid. Kim’s causal pairing problem causes trouble for the idea of Dualism and it renders it as useless and somewhat invalid for the reason that it demonstrates that intangible things such as the mind essentially are unable to interact with tangible objects as there is no correlation between causes and effects. Bibliography.

The Ethics Of Software Piracy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ethics Of Software Piracy - Research Paper Example Introduction Software piracy is a process of the illegal replication of applications and software. Additionally, the software piracy is known as pessimistically influencing the users by raising prices as well as minimizing finances for exploration and advancements of upcoming inventions of software. At the present, software piracy has become a well known term and is getting augmented attention of software development firms. In view of the fact that majority of software is utilized with exclusive rights as well as created by other corporations can be used with some limitations (such as duration of software use, license period). In this scenario, software development businesses are implementing severe restrictions along with copyright rules and regulations against such types of the prohibited actions. However, all these measures are not enough. There is a dire need for more enhanced actions and methods for restricting such types of activities (Online Ethics Center for Engineering; BizO ffice). This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of software piracy as an unethical issue in IT field. This paper also outlines the typical reasons that people use to justify their piracy activities. Software Piracy The illegal duplication of computer software is known is software piracy. Though majority of computer users at present know that unauthorized utilization and replication of software is unlawful and unethical, but many of them demonstrate a general disrespect for the significance of considering software as precious intellectual possessions. In this regard, national copyright rules as well as regulations are used to secure the computer software. These rules define that users are not authorized to create a copy of particular software for some other cause than as an archival support without authorization of the copyright owner (archive support means data or information developed through those software such as docs files are developed by MS Word but we can make as many co pies of docs files and store them). On the other hand, the illegal replica of computer software can also be recognized as theft. In this regard, in 1990, the PC software business faced a loss of $2.4 billion in the US only as well as more than $10 billion globally, from some comprehensive approximations by the Software Publishers Association. In fact, computer software piracy is not same as copying other media that is recorded, like that compact disks as well as videotapes, for the reason that there is no deprivation in the value of the copy produced. Additionally, the computer business is the only business that allows the customer to become a developer’s assistant. In this scenario, customer plays an important role in the development of that software. A software application copied again and again will work accurately similar to the genuine. However, the actual software which took years to be built can be duplicated or copied in a fraction of seconds. Though software is costl y to build up, however some low cost Personal Computer can be employed to produce an inexpensive copy of the software (BizOffice; Kayne; Safe-Net). Therefore software piracy is considered as a most serious unethical issue and requires extensive attentions along with public awareness for protection of the intellectual property. Types of Software Piracy There are different types of

The effects of redundancy in an engineering workshop in the British Literature review

The effects of redundancy in an engineering workshop in the British Army - Literature review Example It is vital that troops have enough supply of ammunition, food, water, spares, and fuel, tools should remain serviced, arrangements should remain created to fit each contingency; linkage channels should remain formed and maintained, bridges and roads should remain mend; and casualties should have cure and discharged. The managerial, management of a scheme and vocational skills needed are those required in every enterprise with the extra technicality that they should remain precisely used in situations that can be both physically demanding and potentially disastrous. Life in the forces forms flexible, task oriented and dynamic group participants who have knowledge of scheme control, strategic arrangement and, importantly organizational ruling. The officers in addition appear to have adequate knowledge in different fields having passed through so many educative stages in the army (Perks, 2010: p. 250). Several of the officers leave the army after operating in service commission for a s hort period of time, and have the possibility of becoming captains or junior majors (as well as their navy and air force associates) in when they are at their twenties or reaching their thirties. Some vacate at 37, the least age at which a servicing servicewoman or man can cash in on their pension. Moreover, those who still hold onto their career leave at around 55, the vacating age of the total British military staff. The city has remained as the best attractive alternative for the corps to venture in after leaving the military service. Those corps becoming redundant both through application and compulsory redundancy will have the following effects and risks according to the Armed Forces Redundancy Programme and Continuity of Allowance of April 2011 (Perks, 2010: p. 225). Specialist pay- The two, Applicants and Non-applicants for the reduction exercise who are entitled to get a specialist lump sum at the time of notification of the reduction mission will have their specialist sum e valuated in line with the rule in JSP 754 for dealing with staff who elect to vacate the army at a noticeable exit stage. Financial incentives- The rule for dealing with the several types of recruitment and retention reimbursements is as shown below (Perks, 2010: p. 229). a. Commitment Bonus (CB): The total corps vacating due to this reduction scheme will have the right to get any suitable commitment bonus accessed under the Improved CB programme for any quantifiable service finished prior to heir final day of operation. The Old or Interim CB programmes will merely remain reimbursed to those chosen for reduction if it is probable for the person to finish the necessary Return of Service (ROS) prior to their final day of operation. The two, Applicants and Non-applicants reduced who fall short to accomplish their CB ROS will not remain needed to make any compensation of amounts previously remunerated. b. Financial Return Incentives (FRI)- Applicants and No

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Corporate Ethics in relation Case Study

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Corporate Ethics in relation to an Australian manufacturing company - Case Study Example The corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility which involves an organization for continuous commitment of the ethical behavior to the society. It helps to improve the standard and the quality of life of the employees as well as the life of the society and the local communities (Zimmerli & et. al., 2007). The prime objective of this study is to highlight the various importances of corporate ethics and CSR and the usefulness of these two practices while deciding the global outsourcing of an Australian company with proposed recommendation and conclusion for the overall discussion. Critical Analysis of Ethics, and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Ethics Corporate ethics involves the ethical principles of the management as well as of the mangers to persuade them to be translucent in business transactions. Business ethics considers the customer’s feelings regarding planning out the goods and the services provided to the customers. Corporate ethics also con siders the stakeholder’s interests to the business. Corporate ethics is one of the most important activities in every organization, especially in relation with the customers and their idea about consumerism. Consumerism refers to the term which describes the rights of the consumers and the legal concerns. Corporate ethics is an evaluation and a study conducted by a business to make decisions in relation to the judgments and the moral concepts. Corporate ethics involves the organization’s responsibilities towards their customers, the commitment to be honest towards the customers. It also involves the responsibility of the company to conserve the nature and the environment. Corporate ethics also involves the protection of the rights... From the study the main idea has been developed regarding the corporate ethics and the responsibilities of a corporation towards the society. The key findings to be considered by the Australian company are type of the market while entering the global territory, the people of that region, and the environment of the particular country. The other findings to be considered by the company are the various laws and regulations of the other countries, the legal formalities, the consumerism factor and the quality product manufacturing. The Australian company can easily spread the business in global market by considering all these CSR issues and various corporate ethics. The prime objective of this study is to highlight the various importances of corporate ethics and CSR and the usefulness of these two practices while deciding the global outsourcing of an Australian company with proposed recommendation and conclusion for the overall discussion. In relation to the study, conclusively, it can be stated that the corporate ethics is the process of valuing the rights and the moral of the people related to the corporate. Corporate ethics is the responsibility of the corporations towards their employees, workers as well as towards their customers and stakeholders. The approach taken by companies under the purview of corporate ethics is known as corporate social responsibility. In CSR, the companies function to provide the society certain values and they show the concern towards the society and environment being responsible towards the nature.

Language and Structure in the novel When I Whistle by Shusaku Endo Essay

Language and Structure in the novel When I Whistle by Shusaku Endo - Essay Example Here he encounters a person who seems vaguely familiar but whom he cannot quite place. This man turns out to have been a fellow student at Nada Middle School some forty years before. Their brief conversation provokes an extended reminiscence that transports Ozu back to a simpler, more serene time in his life. Upon seeing boats on the lake, he conjures up his schoolboy friend, Flatfish, and their adventures together in an idyllic time before World War II, when the Japanese educational system sought to inculcate the virtues of pride and industriousness. While his stern teacher tried to build character, Ozu spent his school hours daydreaming about the young women he and his best friend, the unsophisticated but endearing Flatfish, would pursue, literally, once the school day had ended. (Allen 530-531; Updike 94-102) The romance and innocence of his adolescence is captured for Ozu in the enduring image of Flatfish's "tiny head being tossed about by the waves as he swam desperately for the open sea" in pursuit of a girl, Aiko, whom he had met by chance and with whom both were madly in love. While militarism gripped their nation, Ozu and Flatfish preferred the frivolous joys of childish classroom pranks and chasing girls. In When I Whistle , Endo is concerned to draw a number of disturbing contrasts between wartime and present-day Japan while scrupulously avoiding, in translator Van C. Gessel's words, "painting either period in a romantic light." What, Endo asks, is the legacy of the war generation, what kind of Japan has resulted from the devastation of World War II Part of his answer is seen in the life-style of Eiichi, the ruthless young surgeon of When I Whistle; unaffected by the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and unable to see his patients as anything but specimens for his own experiments, he extends the imperialistic impulse of prewar Japan by ignoring the past and worshipping the present. (King 23-24) The accumulation of material possessions is the only source of meaning for the new generation. This striking thematic element in When I Whistle is made more powerful by its pervasive medical and hospital imagery. (Cunningham 527) Chronic heart and lung problems have plagued Endo throughout his adult life and consequently he has spent much time in hospitals; in the early 1960's, Endo underwent a series of major surgical procedures, resulting in the removal of one lung. Japan emerges in When I Whistle as one large cancer ward, the malignancy of rampant materialism uncurable, the placebo of success a momentary distraction in the face of a godless eternity. As a Christian, Endo is an apologist for a set of values he believes is indigenous to the West but foreign to Japanese soil. A convert who recognizes the irony that Japan has become less spiritual as it has become more Westernized, Endo constructs themes which generally revolve around a protagonist confronted with the ruins of a native culture to which he is drawn and by which he is repulsed. Ozu is thus an exemplar of Endo's despairing vision of the postwar era-an open-hearted Japanese seeking answers and finding only the echoes of the past. Endo wrote When I Whistle between his two more celebrated historical novels set in the seventeenth century, Chimmoku (1966; Silence , 1969) and Samurai (1980; The Samurai , 1982). In

Businesses in the Long-run Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Businesses in the Long-run - Essay Example The original industry size can not hold the increased output. However, the size of the expanded industry has to be optimum to ensure that the business is able to avoid diseconomies of scale (Roncaglia 2006 p 582). There are many factors that may affect the effectiveness of a business in the long-run. For example, technological advancement may either improve the operations hence increased output and reduced cost of production, or it may lead to the obsolescence of the existing technology leading to an extra cost for the business. A business may experience falling long-run costs through changing the factors of production. There is an optimum level whereby the prices are expected to be maintained, or gradually begin to rise as the factors of production continue to be varied. However, there are situations when the long-run costs may continue falling even after this point is reached, which indicates the capacity of the industry to satisfy the market with greater variation of the inputs. This essay is a critique of why businesses might experience falling long-run costs as well as the effects of this on the competitive process and the structure of industries. It also critiques the reasons why long-run costs might begin to rise, and how a business can try to avoid the rise, to maintain competitiveness in the market. Businesses usually experience falling long-run costs after engaging in ... This occurs due to the fact that if a particular production system can produce more units when more inputs are applied, it would not be utilized maximally if only a few inputs are applied in the system (Roncaglia 2006 p 582). For example, if a sisal processing plant can produce 300 units of finished product from 700 units of raw materials and operates in an environment whereby the source of raw materials can only supply 400 units, it might benefit in the long-run if it moves to other regions where the raw materials are abundant. This would lead to a fall in the long-run cost since the same plant that was initially used to produce few products for a lower profit will be used to produce a larger quantity of output within the same premises for greater profits. This means that in the long-run, a firm is able to increase its efficiency through increasing the inputs. On the other hand, when inputs are variable, the firm will only maintain the inputs that can reduce the cost of production t o improve profitability. Market expansion is significant in leading to a fall in the long-run costs of a business. This is because as new industries are established in a particular region, the prevailing industries are likely to expand to match the emerging industries. Development of industries concentrated in a particular region attracts professionals in the appropriate fields of production; hence it becomes easy for organizations to access skilled labor thereby increasing productivity. The more an industry employs skilled workforce, the more the costs of production decrease. On the other hand, suppliers for raw materials are likely to lower their cost as a result of many suppliers competing

Nursing Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Leadership and Management - Essay Example are most concerned about planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling their departments within set structures (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005, p. 81). Managers basically deal with ‘doing the right things’ while leaders deal with ‘doing things right.’ Nurse leaders must focus on theories of leadership as tools to reform the current staffing problems in many nursing facilities in the world. Theories of leadership that can be applied in nursing are behavioral theory, contingency theory, trait theory, and power and influence theories. Behavioral theory is concerned with what a good leader does rather than who he/she is. Nurse leaders who operate under this theory are inactive and passive, allowing their staff to determine their actions. Other leaders here can be democratic, giving equal voice to their staffs and accepting group decisions. Still under behavioral theory, nurse leaders can be autocratic, being the sole decision makers and adopting commands t o staffs rather than being open to suggestions (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005, p. 86). Shortage of nurses and dis-interest in this industry is attributed to the main reason that nurses do not feel appreciated or motivated enough in compensation and in recognition of their efforts. Nurse leaders and managers can begin to address this issue by creating work environments that are encouraging to their staffs. Leaders are central to motivation, and they should create environments that are open to interaction and understanding of nursing teams. Managers should, on the other hand, utilize management styles that are democratic and participative rather than autocratic or laissez-faire. Discouraged and demotivated nurses will respond better to suggestions and shared decision-making rather than to commands and one-person... This essay approves that changes in nursing practice are unending, and a shift is needed from the over-management of nursing staff to a leadership model that is adaptive and flexible. The nursing practice is heavily dependent on formal education programs from which staffing and new skills are derived. A best approach that will address personal and professional concerns of nurses in practice is the way forward in reducing staff shortages and turnover. Nursing that is led by a model ‘more leadership than management’ is the ultimate solution. This is the transformational model of leadership that is intent on creating nursing leaders and staffs who ‘work together’ and not ‘one for the other’ for better health care services. Future trends for the nursing practice in the twenty-first century indicate that the high shortage and turnover of nurses can only be permanently ended by a class of nurses who are multi-talented and supported to acquire new skil ls. Transformational leadership in nursing practice is the key to attracting such class of nurses and developing leaders who can effectively manage their resources for better output. This report makes a conclusion that the transformational leadership approach suits best my leadership style that is flexible to different situations. The situational-contingency theory of leadership maintains that no leadership style is the best one and that situation influences good leadership. It is certain that nursing will in the future be affected by changes in medical practice, policy, technology advancements, and alternative therapies among other changes. The extent of these effects or what they will be is not conclusively known; thus, no leadership approach can solely be the most suitable.

Constructivism and Post-Structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Constructivism and Post-Structuralism - Essay Example Constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key to the constructivist project. This assessment is echoed by other scholars. Hopf sees constructivism as situated in the middle ground between rational choice theory and postmodernism, whilst Ted Hopf locates it between the mainstream and critical theory. Thus in defining constructivism scholars make reference to recognising the material world as existing independently of, but interacting with, the social world, the central role of intersubjectivity and the significance of occupying a middle-ground position. Wendt's positioning in the middle ground, related to a particular notion of identity; Kratochwil's reliance on an unproblematic intersubjectivity, based on normative context; and Onuf's claim to an independently existing material world behind our constructions. The acknowledgement of materiality appear to be crucial.... (Katzenstein, 1998, 645-85) This takes us on to a second key element of constructivism, namely intersubjectivity. (Guzzini, 2000, 147-82). According to Adler, constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. (Adler, 1997, 319-63) He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. (Adler, 1997, 319-63) The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. (Adler, 1997, 319-63)Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key to the constructivist project. This assessment is echoed by other scholars. Hopf sees constructivism as situated in the middle ground between rational choice theory and postmodernism, whilst Ted Hopf locates it betw een the mainstream and critical theory. (Hopf, 1998, 171-200) Thus in defining constructivism scholars make reference to recognising the material world as existing independently of, but interacting with, the social world, the central role of intersubjectivity and the significance of occupying a middle-ground position. Wendt's positioning in the middle ground, related to a particular notion of identity; Kratochwil's reliance on an unproblematic intersubjectivity, based on normative context; and Onuf's claim to an independently existing material world behind our constructions. (Onuf, 1989, 45-50) The acknowledgement

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Business Strategy - Essay Example Best cost strategy combines strategic emphasis on low cost as well as focused differentiation. It focuses on giving its customers more value for money. For E.g. Kingfisher Red Airlines is an example of best cost airlines providing luxury of Kingfisher Airlines but at comparatively lower price than that of competitors in luxury segment. The product line of company employing best cost strategy has products with appealing attributes and assorted upscale features. The aim of focused differentiation strategy is to secure a competitive advantage through offering customers of niche market with a product that they perceive as vary well suited to their needs, tastes and preferences. The strategic target of focused differentiation strategy is a narrow market in which needs and preferences of the buyers are distinctively different. Attributes appealing specifically towards niche members forms the basis of competitive advantage in focused differentiation strategy. B. Explain in detail, IKEA†™s hybrid strategy? IKEA used a mix of low cost and differentiation strategies as a part of its hybrid strategy. They used innovative means for attracting customers and people who can become there prospective customers in near future. The company tried to create differentiation in the retailing industry it operated in. It could be taken instance from the fact that the company allowed its customers to relax in its western style stores in a view that they could be aspiring customers of IKEA in near future. The production emphasis of products in focused differentiation strategy depends on customization meeting the tastes and requirements of targeted customers. The marketing emphasis of this strategy is towards communicating that how the product offers all the requirements in meeting buyers’ expectation in target market. Commitment in serving to niche markets better than rivals remains the key of sustaining the strategy. C. Why is IKEA’s hybrid strategy is difficult for competitors to imitate? Hybrid strategy is difficult for imitate and lend IKEA to outsmart competition. This is because through hybrid strategy IKEA is created a mix of two competitive strategies i.e. low cost and differentiation and the mix of these two strategies becomes difficult to imitate. D. Explain 3 business risks that IKEA faces in its hybrid strategy? The three business risks related to hybrid strategy are: These strategies could lack flexibility for IKEA in the scenario of changing external environment. These strategies could lack specificity in a long run for IKEA. Hybrid strategies help a company majorly when the organization has resources and capabilities of employing the strategy and serving an attractive niche market. Question 2 Provide the explanation with two examples in each of the 5 macro environmental influences that IKEA face from operating internationally? Macro-Economic Forces This includes forces at national and regional level that affects the company. IKEA is retail chain build on a global platform where factors like inflation rates, interest rate and current exchange rates in bear some impact, but such impact can’t be considered influential. As the interest rates are slashed as a result of recession in the economy, the company could borrow money at a cheaper interest rate. Same is the case with changes in current

The video My America Essay Example for Free

The video My America Essay The video My America, Honk If You Love Buddha, is simple story that highlights cultural differences and how people react towards these differences. The story talks about a woman who can vividly remember that she can go to several places in America without even meeting a fellow of Asian origin. This idea alone suggests that there is an evolution between the Asian and the American culture, and this evolution and changes could be a simultaneous or not. It could be that American opened its doors to this immigrant as a result of mutual ties between Asian countries, and then the immigration follows. Or there is a voluntary left off of cultural distinctiveness and then these Asians succumb to the foreign culture, which is the American culture in particular. It is not difficult to see what the filmmaker is trying to convey in this video, there are a few social issues that are being highlighted in the movie. First is the stereotyping of Asians. It was known for a fact that the Chinese constitute one of the largest numbers of immigrants in the United States, and they are visible in suburbs, engaged in the business of trade. They have become dominant in the past years and in fact they were able to establish what is presently; called China Towns, a reflection of what is life in China itself. China being one of the oldest existing civilization, being free from so much foreign influences will always be loyal and true to their culture despite being located in a foreign land. This loyalty to Chinese culture that remained so distinct to them in their everyday living and especially in their relationship to their American counterparts, subtly gave a lasting impression to Americans. These impressions could be as a result because they found the culture complicated and too broad for them to understand. The problems start, therefore when a person from the other culture lack understanding for those from the opposite culture. These individuals will develop preferences and hence, will gather biases and ignorant judgments towards the others. Furthermore, this biasness stereotyped to every one of the Chinese origins and more broadly to anyone of Asian decent. Second, is the culture of dominance and discrimination. If culture is a set of values that gives forth mutual trust and solidarity among a group of individuals, then, we can inconsiderately assume that anyone from the coming from a different culture is entirely foreign and not superior. Both the American cultures and Asian cultures have shown for a period of time intolerance to these differences. And this failure to accept could be the very reason why the race for dominance occurs, followed by the discrimination to those who are inferior whioch in this case are the Asian immigrants. It can be well observed in the story that there is indeed discrimination based on differences in ethnicity and on skin color. There is an unequal distribution of services and opportunities to between the whites and the Blacks and the Asians, as a third option. One can never take out preferences especially when it comes to cultural differences. We will always tend to remain loyal and inclined to the culture form which we come from. Personally, this is one thing that I keep in me, but this does not necessarily translate that I am superior. Cultural boundaries and differences exists because of values and values do not mean dominance over others, but just plain environmental effect, therefore, tolerance but be kept in mind as well. Although, one must never forgot to preserve his or her own identity. Culture is identity and influences are welcomes for the betterment but on must see to it that your identity still exists. I think this is the real problem; everyone comes to a specific bandwagon, melting both difference and similarities together, creating a new kind. Although it creates solidarity, it erases traces of their distinct culture; this is what is conveyed by the movie. Culture has a wide range of description; it could mean a lot of things for a different people in influence of the culture itself. According to Hofstede (1986), culture is a collective programming of a member of a group that separates it from the other member of another group, this shared ideas include the system of values. It must be remembered that a value system is the components and the foundation of a culture. Hofstede added that there are three broad perspectives of culture; the largest level is the universal level which is characterized by the common and the genetic programs of an individual. The middle part is the collective aspect of culture differentiated by its shared and the learnt thoughts of an individual. And lastly, the narrowest part of culture is the individual which is supposed to be unique, partly because of genetic influence and partly because of learnt behaviors gathered from the environment (Hofstede, 1986). In sociological perspective, a community, just like culture gained different approach and standpoint. One of those approaches is to give attention to the values of the group, these values could be the reason why the come together in and commit to the community and develop trust in the process. Moreover, community can also be divided based on spatial differences, but sociologists would like to think that these differences are enforced primarily by the values these groups have. Works Cited http://www-staff. lboro. ac. uk/~ttgaln/Culture_web/culture. htm Frazer, E. (1999) The Problem of Communitarian Politics. Unity and conflict, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Development of Modernity from Enlightenment

Development of Modernity from Enlightenment Dare-to-know is the motto that Kant gave to the Enlightenment. In this essay I am going to demonstrate how this motto relates to modernity. My starting point will be the definition of the Middle-Ages and description of events that characterized it, because it is where evolution to modernity initiated. Immediately after the Middle Ages follows the Renaissance, which I will also be explicating, and it is also followed by Enlightenment or the Modern Age. These three time periods are also inter-linked by historical events that marked them. They have a cause-and-effect relationship, meaning the existence of one is the effect of the existence of another. The Enlightenment was wholly based on reason, and its effect was the historical landmarks such as the French Revolution and the American Revolution. These landmarks, particularly the French Revolution, ensured the society’s exit from medieval tutelage and made a radical transition to the Modern-Age. Based on the Weber’s ideal type bureaucracy, I will also be demonstrating how they have influenced the modern institutions and how they operate, particularly the state, which is the biggest idea or effect of Enlightenment. Freedom also emerged after the establishment of the state, and strive to separate religion from the state, or secularism, was undertaken. Therefore, this rationalization led to the various forms of the modern state being devised. The â€Å"Middle Ages† is the phrase used to describe western countries after the fall of the Roman Empire and the dawn of the Renaissance in the 14th century. It is often called the medieval period. During this period the person’s identity was determined by God. (Dreyfus Kelly, 2011). Everything was determined and created by God. Therefore people never dared to question the phenomena or what made sense to them. Everything was taken for granted. Even kings and queens ruled by divine right in the Great Chain of Being. By divine right it meant they were chosen by God to rule and lead the society. The Great Chain of Being is a divine order or what can be called a social structure in the modern society. It consisted of God at the top, then kings above noblemen and other people in general, and the animals would be ranked below all the people. In the wake of the fall of the Roman Empire, there was a need for an alternative form of rule, the structure, or the government that would unite all the people of Europe. This duty was assumed by the Catholic Church which became a very powerful rule of the Middle-Ages. It also became a source of power for medieval kings and queens as a result of their alliance with it. The church also afforded protection to these monarchs. Rural life was based on feudalism. In this form of existence, the king would give land, or fiefs to noblemen. The peasants, or serfs would work on the land in exchange for protection and to live on the land. However, technological innovations in agriculture resulted in significant evolution in feudalism. Heavy plough and three-field crop rotation efficiently increased production, as well as the supply of food. As a result, less human resource was needed to work on farms. Ultimately, more people flocked to towns and cities. It was by virtue of these cities’ dynamism that gave rise to the Renaissance period in the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. The word Renaissance is French and means rebirth. It is the period in which the society started moving away from the medieval values and norms, from God as the determinant of everything, and thus significantly reducing the power and rule of the church, the Catholic Church. Most importantly it was the time that was marked by a massive change in economy and intellect, particularly in art, literature, science and philosophy. New ideas were created and disseminated across all spheres of life. Artistic work became more accurate and had a viewpoint, literature focused more on the characteristics and behaviors of the people, and printing eased access to information and education by society. In science great improvements were made in various fields, particularly in astronomy and physics. This is evident in Galileo’s successful invention of the telesc ope. Philosophy changed the way people thought about themselves and the universe. It focused on humanism. Humanism is broadly understood as involving a positive approach to human existence and an appreciation of human endeavor. The broad influence of Renaissance humanism in turn filtered back to philosophical and political thought, where various ideas of human reason became the main focus of theoretical speculation. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, had an optimistic notion of human nature, believing that rationality was a key feature in the way in which human beings organized themselves, with or without state intervention. Locke promoted the idea that unjustly treated subjects had a â€Å"right to rebel† if their reason was being insulted. (Bevir, 2010). These philosophical changes culminated in another change in human thought. This was the dawn of the Modern Age which came to be famously known as The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment is largely defined and popularly known as the age of reason, mainly for its commitment to the use of reason for the promotion of happiness via the amelioration and improvement of the practical conditions of human life (Bevir, 2010). The German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, was also keen to stress the importance of rational critique to the Enlightenment, calling on his readers to dispense with â€Å"immaturity† and take up the challenge daring to know for oneself. (Bevier, 2010). He defined the Enlightenment as the man’s exit from his self-incurred minority (Wood, 2001). He described minority as being unable to use intelligence without guidance, and it is self-incurred if it caused by lack of determination and courage to use intelligence without guidance. Therefore, he called Sapere Aude, meaning having the courage to use one’s intelligence, the motto of the Enlightenment (Wood, 2001). This was an attitude towards modernity because it was founded o n the principle rationalism. Rationalism is the belief that the world has a rational structure, and that this can be disclosed through the exercise of human reason and critical enquiry. As a philosophical theory, rationalism is the belief that knowledge flows from reason rather than experience, and thus contrasts with empiricism. As a general principle, however, rationalism places a heavy emphasis on the capacity of human beings to understand and explain their world, and to find solutions to problems. It is associated with an emphasis on principle and reason-governed behavior, as opposed to reliance on custom or tradition, or non-rational drives and impulses. (Heywood, 1992). It was the successful revolution in science of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that gave birth to the Enlightenment. Science undermined the ancient geocentric conception of the cosmos, and the constraining presuppositions that guided philosophical inquiry. It is the period that was marked by dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics. The Enlightenment thought also culminated in the historical French and American Revolution, in which the traditional ancient hierarchical political and social orders (the French monarchy, the privileges of the French nobility, the political power and authority of the Catholic Church) were violently destroyed and replaced by a political and social order informed by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and equality for all, founded, ostensibly, upon principles of human reason (Bristow, 2011). These revolutions served as a society’s transit from the medieval perspective to a modern world-view. In politics, the Enlighten ment make present again a course of action to encourage values characteristic of liberal modernity, which are freedom, progress, opulence, and humanitarianism. More specifically, political theorists have found in the Enlightenment the origins of several institutions that define our political landscape today, from liberal individualism and global capitalism to constitutional democracy, value pluralism, human rights recognition, and religious toleration (Bevir, 2010). The starting point in analyzing these modern institutions and political landscape is Weber’s bureaucracy. According to Marsh, et al., (1996) bureaucratic organizational structure seems to be fixed and permanent, and indispensable feature of the modern society. Most important is the nature of these bureaucracies. They are impersonal with clearly defined rules that also separate work and private life. Their form of reporting is hierarchical and break job into smaller task for increased quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and economies of scale. Candidates are also appointed based on their qualifications and experience. Therefore, Weber’s bureaucracy serves as a guideline in forming a modern organization, and played a crucial role in the development of the modern state. The biggest idea that grew out of the Enlightenment is that of the modern state. The proximate sources of the modern state were absolutism and the interstate it initiated (Held, 1992). It came as a response to absolutism. A state is that human community which (successfully) lays claim to the monopoly of legitimate physical violence within a certain territory, this territory being another of the defining features of the state (Weber, 1994). This means that all modern states are nation-states, political apparatuses, distinct from both ruler and ruled, with supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated territorial area, backed by a claim to a monopoly of coercive power, and enjoying a minimum level of support or loyalty from their citizens (Held, 1992). Therefore, the modern state is fixed within exact territorial borders, control the means of violence by the army and police, it is sovereign, and it is the only form of rule that regards its people as citizens. Governments come and go but the s tate remains. Therefore, the control of state machinery is contested and won by a political party in elections, which makes it democratic and legitimate because it reflect and/or represent the needs of its citizens. The state also uses a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one of its institutions, which are the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, exerts or exercise too much power over another. Out of the idea of the modern state other concepts and/or ideas emerged, too. Liberalism emerged as the product of two intertwined developments in early modern Europe. The first was the creation of modern states with the concomitant emergence of semi-autonomous civil societies. The second and roughly contemporaneous development was the invention and spread of a set of values and priorities that broke with the religious traditions that had prevailed in feudal and clerical practice in medieval Europe (Bevir, 2010). Liberalism comes from the word liberty, meaning freedom. In politics, the term is recognized as a unique set of ideas or ideology. The central theme of liberal ideology is a commitment to the individual and the desire to construct a society in which people can satisfy their interests and achieve fulfillment (Heywood, 1992). Liberals believe that human beings are, first and foremost, individuals, endowed with reason (Heywood, 1992). This implies that each individual should enjoy the maximum possible freedom consistent with a like freedom for all (Heywo od, 1992). However, although individuals are entitled to equal legal and political rights, they should be rewarded in line with their talents and willingness to work (Heywood, 1992). Secularism is one of the sub-concepts of liberalism, meaning the next step after individual liberties have been achieved is to strive for the separation of religion from the state. The philosophes’ opposition to traditional religious authority stressed the need for secular knowledge free of religious orthodoxies (Hamilton, 1992). It is an ethic that is perceived as the most radical anti-clerical movement. The aim of the early modern political thought is to establish a secular political order capable of settling the wars of religion, stopping the persecution of religious minorities and heretics, and guaranteeing the natural rights and liberties of every man and citizen (Bevir, 2010). Liberalism also influenced the varying forms of the modern state. Constitutionalism or the constitutional state is the form of state in which political or state decision-making is procedurally or substantively limited. This limits can be either implicit or explicit. Here the practice of the state is restricted and constrained for the maximization of freedom of all citizens. In the liberal state private affairs are separated from public affairs by a concern. This is the form of state in which civil society is freed from unnecessary political intervention and the authority of the state is delimited. Representative democracy is a form of rule in which officers are elected by the citizens themselves to represent their interests within the rule of law. Decisions about social issues are not taken by the society itself, but by the elected officers, the representatives. Lastly, there is also a form of a modern state called a one-party state. Its definition is in its name, a state in which there is only one legitimate political party. Here voters have the o pportunity to affirm the party’s choice of candidate, or occasionally to choose from among different party candidates (although some may doubt whether this constitutes an opportunity for the exercise of choice at all) (Held, 1992). In conclusion, in the Middle-Ages everything was determined by God and existed in the Great Chain of Being. The fall of the Roman Empire ushered in the Renaissance. It was marked by great revolutions in science, philosophy, and astronomy, which then led to the Enlightenment or the Age of reason. This age of reason culminates in the overthrowing of the French monarchy and leads to the establishment the modern democratic state. It also makes Sapere Aude an attitude of modernity, because dare-to-know simply means have courage to find reason. That reason was found and it liberated the society from the shackles of the Middle-Ages. It is also because of that reason the modern state, its various forms and institutions were found. Rationalism thus freed mankind from the self-incurred minority. 1

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction This mixed-methods study conducted a survey and a follow-up focus group with employees of the Uganda Public Service in order to ascertain the impact of asset retrenchment on job satisfaction. The Uganda Public Service has made a number of organizational moves, especially in recent years, to make non-productive and/or corrupt employees redundant and to bring greater efficiencies to the public sector by directing workers to where they fit best in the organization. Naturally, these retrenchment policies have created a lot of change. However, this study discovered that retrenched workers who remained in the Uganda Public Service was not less likely to be satisfied or motivated than non-affected colleagues. Moreover, job satisfaction for retrenched workers remained constant even when controlling for variables of age, gender, and education. The Uganda Public Service likely erred in pushing through retrenchment without a formal change management strategy, as this study found that employees who had not been properly informed and/or prepared for the change were substantially less likely to be satisfied than those workers who had been prepared. One plausible reason that retrenched workers were not dissatisfied by the changes brought about by resentment may have to do with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, which posits that workers who are laboring for emotional satisfaction are more satisfied than those who strive for money alone. As the qualitative aspect of this study revealed, employees of the Uganda Public Service are highly likely to be providers for others, and therefore prize their jobs for giving them this ability to support others, even though retrenchment may bring change and stress. The conclusion is that Third World workforces may need to be approached via different theoretical means that are more sensitive to the non-hygienic aspects of Two-Factor Theory. Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and has not been presented or accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work, of which this is a record, has been carried out by myself unless otherwise stated and where the work is mine, it reflects personal views and values. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information have been acknowledged by means of references including those of the Internet. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK ® for originality checks. Nastasia Michail February 10, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS 50 5.0 INTRODUCTION 50 5.1KEY FINDINGS 50 5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 51 5.3MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 52 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 53 5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 54 5.6 CONCLUSION 55 REFERENCE LIST 63 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor Professor Paul Tosey, for his guidance and critical eye during the dissertation process. Professor Tosey challenged me to think outside the box and kept me focused on the specific topic. Furthermore, I would like to thank my mother and father, Shah and Nazir, and my brother Nabeel for only being a phone call away and being able to cheer me up and motivate me when it counted the most. Finally, I would like to thank my friends who supported me and who listened to me no matter what time of day. This dissertation has allowed me to  combine the concepts  I  gained from my Undergraduate and Masters Degree and is an insight into the learning that has taken place over the last five years. Although a daunting task, this dissertation has helped me learn more about myself and my hope is my research will make a meaningful contribution to the existing literature. CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction: This chapter will discuss the results of the findings of the research study ( as presented in Chapter four), in relation to past literature as reviewed in chapter two; for the purpose of examining whether our research has achieved its set objectives. It will also make recommendations on areas in which future research can be focused and set out limitations encountered in the course of the research. 5.2.0 Discussion of Findings Analysis of results carried out in chapter four indicated that the entire alternative hypothesis should be accepted. This section will therefore attempt to relate our research results with past research work. 5.2.1 Hypothesis One: Relationship Between Retrenchment and Job Satisfaction The two hypotheses to be tested here is whether any relationship exists between retrenchment and job satisfaction or whether there is none at all. Results as analysed in Table 4.7 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction Figure 4. 5 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction also demonstrate that retrenchment has a negative impact on satisfaction. The results from our qualitative research did not however agree with that of the quantitative; its own result suggested that the job satisfaction of majority of the retrenched workers remained constant both before retrenchment and after retrenchment; this could be due to the fact that survivors were already appreciative of the fact that they even had a job to keep both body and soul together and to take care of some dependents; this in itself is a satisfaction to them. Quantitive results was in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed the result of our survey tool, that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones This result for this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.2 Hypothesis Two: Physical Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short -term The null hypothesis here is that retrenchment has negative physical impact while the alternative hypothesis is that retrenchment has positive physical impact in the short-term on survivors. Results as seen in table 4.8 and fig 4.6 suggests that retrenchment only averagely physically impacted the survivors of the exercise; as also demonstrated in the table. Qualitative results of study for this variable illustrated that workers whose pay were reduced because their job responsibility also reduced had to look for additional sources of income to meet up with their needs; this also put more stress on them physically and sometimes affect their health. Denga (1987) had also earlier reported that retrenching workers led to series of psycho-social problems for the retrenched and Burke (1998) discovered that stress could be induced in survivors by organisational retrenchment and a decline in job security. 5.2.3 Hypothesis three: Emotional Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short Term There are two hypotheses here also: which is that retrenchment has no effect on the emotional status of survivors and that retrenchment affects the emotional status of survivors. This was measured in the questionnaire research tool and analysis of results in table 4.9 suggests that the emotional status of remaining workers were affected by the retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public service. Even though, what is known as survivors syndrome that sets in after every retrenchment was not observed in this case study has previously reported by numerous authors (Kandula 2004 and Kupec 2010. This could be because workers in Uganda have developed a thick skin already to hard situations and so are not easily intimidated by sudden changes or hard situations. The qualitative results added another dimension to the emotional impact of retrenchment as some of the workers were not emotionally affected due to the fact that they were just re-deployed and they perceived this as a lesser evil than been fired or having a pay reduction. This factor made this set of people appreciate their jobs the more counting themselves as lucky and therefore working harder. While those workers of the Ugandan Public Service whose pays were reduced because their responsibilities too were reduced admitted to been emotionally affected for they have to look for means of adjusting to the new pay; this will involve either reducing their living expenses, looking for another job or extra jobs to supplement existing ones or getting into debts for those ones who cannot just cope. The findings however still reveal that survivors of the retrenchment strategy embarked on by the Uganda Public Service still felt insecure knowing fully well that it can be their turn too someday or soon, some also indicated that work which should be shared amongst many now became the burden of the remaining survivors therefore affecting them both physically and emotionally. Figure 4.6: which is also a scatter diagram representation of the relationship between emotional status of retrenchment survivors agree to the hypothesis that retrenchment affects the emotional health of the population 5.2.4. Hypothesis Four: Effect of Retrenchment on Motivation level in the Short Term The two hypotheses here is that retrenchment did not affect workers motivation level in the short term or that retrenchment affected workers motivation level in the short-term. Results as analysed in table 5.0 show that there is a negative relationship between retrenchment and motivation level in the short term, i.e. as retrenchment level in the Uganda Public Service increases, the motivation level decreases in the short-term. This suggests that retrenchment causes apathy within the public service under study, leading to a decrease in morale and motivation; subsequently reducing performance. The short-term here could be the two months or thereabout period when the incident just occurred. This agrees with the findings of Cook and Warr (1979) who had reported that retrenchment makes workers apathetical and so reduces their morale and motivation. This majorly impacts on the job satisfaction of the survivors who either believe it can be their own turn any day soon or feel they will be overburdened by having to also handle the jobs of the retrenched or the redeployed. Workers commitment does not improve after retrenchment as they will be de-motivated by recent occurrences. Tolkman 1991 also reported that Retrenchment may create demoralization, dampen organizational productivity and increase voluntary retrenchment, discourage the organizations most talented and productive members who will end up leaving the organizations Hertzbert (1966) and Maslow (1993) asserted that motivation is directly linked to job satisfaction and that motivators include; a sense of achievement, effort recognition, the nature of the work itself, and the desire for responsibility; they also both agreed that money or pay is down in the list. They both agreed that Job satisfaction is one major factor to determine amongst other factors the employees motivation which impacts heavily on production capacities as well as employees turnover. Employers whose institutions have little or no job satisfaction will always experience high turnovers as employees seek employment in other areas in pursuit of job satisfaction. Qualitative results of this experiment for this particular variable however suggests that the retrenchment effect of reduced motivation was only temporal and that workers morale was not permanently depressed; this is because their motivation in the first instance derived from the fact that they had a job which will cater for the needs of the family and since this urge has not reduced, their motivation will tend to be constant as long as they are not sent home. 5.2.5 Hypothesis Five: Effect of Retrenchment on Satisfaction level in the Short- Term The two tested hypothesis here is whether retrenchment of workers in the Uganda Public Service affects the level of their job satisfaction in the short-term or whether it does not affect satisfaction in the short term. Results as analysed in Table 5.10 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short term Figure 4. 8 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short-term also demonstrates that retrenchment has a negative impact on job satisfaction level of the Ugandan Public Service only on the short term; as one increases, the other decreases slightly as retrenchment strategies increases, on the short-term, job satisfaction level decreases slightly. This is in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction along two separate but complementary axes. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones. This result of this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.6 Hypothesis Six: Relationship between Survivors Syndrome and Job Satisfaction Null hypothesis here is that there is no relationship between survivors syndrome and job satisfaction while the alternative hypothesis is that there is a relationship between both. Results as analysed in table 5.20 favours accepting the alternative hypothesis. Result illustrated in fig 4.10 also suggested that retrenchment could lead to survivors syndrome This is in line with past research carried out by Kandular (2004). Although, as earlier said the survivors syndrome was not observed in the case study. It could be because the Ugandan workers have developed a thick skin by reason of experience to harsh social and economic circumstances encountered since birth, and are not as physically susceptible as Western workers when it comes to certain kinds of work-related stress; after all, the reality is that many of these workers experience all forms of stress as a daily condition of their lives in Uganda. Thus, survivors syndrome might be more apt to describe the experience of workers in more developed economies and more stable social climates and not in developing countries. Qualitative assessment of responses from case study however, confirmed that many of the affected people agreed that retrenchment in whatever form either as re-deployment, or reduced pay due to reduced job responsibilities can be traumatic and even decidedly more when it is un-expected or much time is not allowed for victims to prepare for it. 5.2.7 Qualitative Data The use of qualitative method of research in this study assisted in achieving or projecting a good picture of the impact of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service. Respondents perception of the retrenchment exercise and effect were adjudged through relevant questions as highlighted in Appendix 3 using the qualitative focus group questions to access age gender and educational status impact on the variables of motivation, satisfaction, physical and emotional health and survivors syndrome of retrenched workers in the Public Service. It was discovered using the qualitative research method that age of workers affected the way in which they viewed the retrenchment strategies; that is, different age groups had different impressions of the exercise. The younger generation saw the exercise as fair since it forced the older generations out of the system. This is because the older ones were not working maximally as a result of reduced energy or strength or because they felt their even being in the position in the first place was not totally based on merit. The Older ones on the other hand did not seem to mind the strategies that much and felt that Opportunities should be given to them to hand-over their skills to the generation behind them before been ushered out of the system. Similarly, gender also had its own twist to the responses; it was observed that all the factors had more impact on female workers than male workers. Females with additional responsibility due to redeployment or retrenchment suffered more physically and emotionally as they also had more responsibility on the home front together with their office jobs. Effect on the males was also pronounced where the new situation imposed on them female bosses and majority whose ego could not adapt to such welcomed the retrenchment exercise as a way out; for they would rather be retrenched than to be submitting to female bosses. Lastly, majority of respondents agreed that retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public Service was not on the basis of education; as their level of education was not considered as a factor in the process. Although, there were some isolated causes of faster promotion or senior position attainment after the exit of some workers as reported by a few of the respondents, this however was not the rule or norm; it was only a flash in the pan. The qualitative results in general, suggested that motivation and satisfaction of the retrenched workers that survived the retrenchment exercise was only affected on the short-term because things went back to status quo. The major reason for this can be attributed to the fact that workers motivation and satisfaction in Uganda derived majorly from the fact that they even have a job that will help them in meeting their daily family needs. All this findings is supported by Maslow (1993) hierarchy of needs and assertion where basic needs such as food, water, e.t.c. are crucial and the first instincts that people try to protect before any other things will follow. However, Hertzberg (1966) noted that people can only be truly and genuinely satisfied and motivated when they climb up to the highest height of the Maslows pyramid which is the height of self-actualisation and that huge satisfaction does not derive from hygienic needs alone. 5.2.8. Research objectives and aims Going by the results, analysis of the results and discussion of the results of the research work, it can be seen that the major objective of the research has been accomplished. The purpose of this study was to access the effect of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service on the Job satisfaction of its workers. Through the use of questionnaires, surveys and interviews, we have effectively measured this and therefore can make useful recommendations to its management in the future 5.3 Implications for Management Organisations have different reasons for embarking on retrenchment; it might be to downsize in order to cut cost if it is having internal crises or just to remove dead weight and to improve the quality of service. Whichever reason, management decides to retrench; one thing they should keep in mind is that retrenchment does not occur as a stand alone event, it drags along whether reluctantly or not but surely some other outcomes. This research work has established a clear relationship between job satisfaction, motivation and retrenchment, no matter how little or short termed it appears to be and this will definitely affect the organisational goals and objectives if not well monitored. The clear implication of the findings of this research study for the management of the organisation understudy or even for all management hierarchies is diverse and variable. Retrenchment exercises should be undertaken with great caution and planning as its affects the morale of workers and anything that affects a work forces morale, if not sorted out fast, will definitely affect performance. Unplanned and poorly implemented retrenchment strategies can lead to physical and emotional unbalance for affected and non-affected staff, poor innovation, discipline and efficiency problems, bring demoralization, contribute to other workers retiring or resigning voluntarily, dispirit the most talented staffs which can lead to their exit; all these will together hinder the organisation from achieving its goal. Retrenching undisciplined, inefficient and incorrigible workers can serve as a warning to other workers; alerting them to sit up and face their work squarely or else they know the implication of not doing otherwise; nevertheless caution and planning should be rigorous so as not to send wrong signals to truly devoted and talented staff 5.4 Research Limitations Problems that were encountered in this research that served as limitations were that of Scheduling: Research could not measure long- term effect of retrenchments on staff and even the short- termed effect measured were not carried out immediately after the retrenchment experience. The impacts of the retrenchment exercise therefore depended on the timing of the experiment to the period of the incidence Research could not measure the impact on staff that were sent home , accessing them would be difficult Time constraints: research required a longer time period due to time taken to obtain the approval and consent of the relevant parties; this affected the length of the project and increased the budget. Another limitation perceived or encountered in the study is that which relates to respondents evaluating or reporting on their own selves; this can be biased and not entirely accurate; therefore affecting results of the research . 5.5 Recommendations for Management Behn, (1980) suggested that organisations should have a corporate strategy for the successful implementation of its retrenchment activities. This paper would also like to adopt such suggestions amongst others; which include Retrenchment basis or rationale should be communicated clearly to staff/affected workers so as to reduce negative impact of the exercise or to avoid sending wrong signals of job insecurity to workers. Objectivity should be employed in applying this basis and retrenchment should not be encouraged as a punitive measure majorly. Measures such as preparation of the minds of affected worker, training and counselling courses and seminars on entrepreneurship and life after retirement especially by the government, are good ways of preparing workers for uncertainties of the future. Generally speaking, organisations should adopt a culture of good welfare schemes such as loan assistance, various allowances, good pay, good career prospects and opportunities, mandatory career trainings, good working environment and working tools e.t.c to their staff, such that when retrenchment acts which is inevitable occurs; it would be understandable to the fair minds 5.6 Recommendation for further research Errors due to inability of participants to vividly remember occurrences usually trait the retrospective research method that was used for this work, therefore for future studies a stronger design can be considered in designing the experiment. A time series design will more likely to be appropriate. It is also recommended for future research that scheduling of this kind of study can be controlled for by planning studies to coincide with retrenchment time and also observing the constructs for a longer time period; so as to measure the long-term and short-term impacts of retrenchment in general CONCLUSION The implication of Retrenchment is quite considerable for all related parties; the management, the survivors and the retrenched, all do feel the great impact of this exercise; but the impact can be minimised if better planned for and strategically implemented. Retrenchment affect job satisfaction, motivation to work, either on short-term or long-term basis, physical health and emotional health of workers; therefore planning and preparation for this exercise is crucial to minimising its effect on all stakeholders.

Argumentative Essay: Gun Control Violates The Second Amendment of the Constitution :: Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Civilian ownership of firearms has for more than two hundred years been the very cornerstone upon which the liberty of the public has been supported. The very reason that Americans have never suffered a tyranny on the scale of Nazi-Germany has been due to the proliferation of firearms in the hands of the general public. The Second Amendment to the Bill of rights of the United States Constitution states "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." In order to understand that right, the modern reader must understand the semantics of the eighteenth century. The term "Well Regulated" meant well trained according to James Madison, the principle author of the Constitution. The term militia, according to the Militia Act of 1792, referred to all able-bodied male citizens. The meaning then of the Second Amendment is made quite clear. It is meant to serve as a chain upon the government to prevent the infringement of government power upon the Civil Liberties of Americans. Further proof of this can be seen in a quote from George Madison. "I ask, Sir, What is the Militia? It is the whole people, except for a few public officials." (George Madison, Three Elliot, Debates at 425-426). R ichard Henry Lee, in his Additional Letters from the Federal Farmer of 1788 stated, "A militia, when properly formed, are in fact the people themselves.and include all men capable of bearing arms." Title Ten section 331 of the U.S. code states "The Militia of the United States consists of all able bodied men at least seventeen years of age." The founding fathers of the United States believed that government is a necessary evil. They wrote the Bill of Rights, as stated earlier, to serve as a chain, which would limit government power over its citizens. Civilian ownership of firearms would, in the founding fathers' view, be the " American Peoples' liberty teeth." (George Washington). This is to say that, despite attempts by some hypothetical future government to impose a tyranny, the American people would be able to resist it without armed force. The same founding fathers had only thrown off the yoke of tyranny during the revolution. They knew full well the value of an armed citizenry in fighting off tyranny. The minutemen assembled at Lexington and Concord to prevent the Royal Fusiliers from seizing the munitions of the militia as General Gage had ordered (Order of General Gage, April 18,1775).

Japanese Americans :: essays papers

JapaneseAmericans In the early 1940’s, there was evidence of Japanese-American loyalty and innocence, but the information was not always well known. This, coupled with the factors of war hysteria led to the legal upholding of concentration camps in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944). The injustice was clouded, most immediately by the war, and indirectly by racism at home. The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor left a permanent indent on the way Americans viewed the Japanese. Indeed, it was this one act which thrust the isolationist U.S. into the middle of the world’s biggest war. The brutal attack, so close to home, was viewed as sneaky and underhanded. This, added to the fact that the Japanese were rumored to have an amazingly effective spy system on Hawaii and the West Coast, led the Japanese-Americans to become highly suspected individuals. They were even a more immediate threat than communists, since they required an eventual takeover, and Germans, since they were preoccupied by numerous enemies. In addition, the Japanese-Americans were concentrated on the Western Coast and could thus organize better. There is also the chasm of culture; ignorance is the key to racism, and the average American knew very little of the lifestyle and customs of the Far East. Thi s led to more suspicion. There were also facts going against the Japanese-Americans. According to the Munson Report, 98% of Japanese-Americans were loyal to the U.S. This is an impressive number; however, in times of war, 2% sabotaging on mainland America was a major threat. A more startling fact that tarnished the Japanese-American reputation was the fact that Japan was rumored to have an extremely effective spy system on the West Coast. There were even some conspiracy theorists that rationalized that the sneaky Japanese were merely waiting for the right time to strike, as they did at Pearl Harbor. The people were scared of the Japanese, and in a democracy, the people have a voice. The Japanese-Americans also had a decent reputation in general, but people were too occupied with the war to worry about it. 112,000 Japanese-Americans—60% of which were U.S. citizens born on U.S. soil—were sent off to concentration camps. There were Japanese loyally fighting in the American army. They even went quietly to the concentration camps, having faith in the American system. But, who cared about the numbers then? We were at war with the Japanese, and the Japanese-Americans were a threat. Japanese Americans :: essays papers JapaneseAmericans In the early 1940’s, there was evidence of Japanese-American loyalty and innocence, but the information was not always well known. This, coupled with the factors of war hysteria led to the legal upholding of concentration camps in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944). The injustice was clouded, most immediately by the war, and indirectly by racism at home. The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor left a permanent indent on the way Americans viewed the Japanese. Indeed, it was this one act which thrust the isolationist U.S. into the middle of the world’s biggest war. The brutal attack, so close to home, was viewed as sneaky and underhanded. This, added to the fact that the Japanese were rumored to have an amazingly effective spy system on Hawaii and the West Coast, led the Japanese-Americans to become highly suspected individuals. They were even a more immediate threat than communists, since they required an eventual takeover, and Germans, since they were preoccupied by numerous enemies. In addition, the Japanese-Americans were concentrated on the Western Coast and could thus organize better. There is also the chasm of culture; ignorance is the key to racism, and the average American knew very little of the lifestyle and customs of the Far East. Thi s led to more suspicion. There were also facts going against the Japanese-Americans. According to the Munson Report, 98% of Japanese-Americans were loyal to the U.S. This is an impressive number; however, in times of war, 2% sabotaging on mainland America was a major threat. A more startling fact that tarnished the Japanese-American reputation was the fact that Japan was rumored to have an extremely effective spy system on the West Coast. There were even some conspiracy theorists that rationalized that the sneaky Japanese were merely waiting for the right time to strike, as they did at Pearl Harbor. The people were scared of the Japanese, and in a democracy, the people have a voice. The Japanese-Americans also had a decent reputation in general, but people were too occupied with the war to worry about it. 112,000 Japanese-Americans—60% of which were U.S. citizens born on U.S. soil—were sent off to concentration camps. There were Japanese loyally fighting in the American army. They even went quietly to the concentration camps, having faith in the American system. But, who cared about the numbers then? We were at war with the Japanese, and the Japanese-Americans were a threat.

julius caesar - flattery :: essays research papers

In William Shakespeare's tragic play Julius Caesar, an under appreciated factor of flattery and persuasion plays an important role in the choices of the leaders. Cassius uses flattery with Brutus. Decius uses flattery with Caesar, and Antony uses flattery with Brutus. Cassius persuades and flatters Brutus. Cassius knows that Caesar would do harm to Rome if he became leader. Brutus would be a powerful force in the conspirator's movement to kill Caesar before Caesar becomes king and destroys Rome. Cassius really needs Brutus on his side, so in order to persuade Brutus, he uses lots of flattery. Whenever Cassius talks to Brutus he throws in "good Brutus", "gentle Brutus" or "dear Brutus" to make Brutus feel comfortable and confident. He also uses overlooked flattery when speaking to Brutus. Cassius realizes all his sweet talk has done well when he responds to Brutus with "I am glad/That my weak words have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus" (I, ii, 8). By this, he means that his words have lit a flame, or triggered a though in "the great" Brutus's head. Decius uses flattery and persuasion when speaking to Brutus. Decius is an active member of the Conspirators so he is very motivated into getting Caesar to go to the Senate House. The first thing that Decius says when he walks into Caesar's house is "Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Caesar" (II, ii, 30). Decius also goes on and calls Caesar "most mighty". Decius is already on Caesar's good side. After catching up on Calpurnia's dream, he uses his quick wit to distort Calpurnia's foreshadowing dream by saying it is "misinterpreted". He explains that the dream "Signifies that from (Caesar) Rome shall suck/Reviving blood, and that great men shall press/for tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance" (II, ii, 31). Caesar seems to be amazed by this version of the interpretation; in fact, he likes this version a lot better mainly because Decius uses so much flattery. Antony deceives Brutus and the other conspirators with his keen wit and his sweet talk. After a brief minute of expressing sorrow, Antony goes right into saying "Friends am I with you all, and love you all" (III, I, 42). Antony is using flattery in order to get Brutus on his good side so he can speak in the order of Caesar's funeral. Antony asks Brutus if he can, Brutus agrees without hesitation. julius caesar - flattery :: essays research papers In William Shakespeare's tragic play Julius Caesar, an under appreciated factor of flattery and persuasion plays an important role in the choices of the leaders. Cassius uses flattery with Brutus. Decius uses flattery with Caesar, and Antony uses flattery with Brutus. Cassius persuades and flatters Brutus. Cassius knows that Caesar would do harm to Rome if he became leader. Brutus would be a powerful force in the conspirator's movement to kill Caesar before Caesar becomes king and destroys Rome. Cassius really needs Brutus on his side, so in order to persuade Brutus, he uses lots of flattery. Whenever Cassius talks to Brutus he throws in "good Brutus", "gentle Brutus" or "dear Brutus" to make Brutus feel comfortable and confident. He also uses overlooked flattery when speaking to Brutus. Cassius realizes all his sweet talk has done well when he responds to Brutus with "I am glad/That my weak words have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus" (I, ii, 8). By this, he means that his words have lit a flame, or triggered a though in "the great" Brutus's head. Decius uses flattery and persuasion when speaking to Brutus. Decius is an active member of the Conspirators so he is very motivated into getting Caesar to go to the Senate House. The first thing that Decius says when he walks into Caesar's house is "Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Caesar" (II, ii, 30). Decius also goes on and calls Caesar "most mighty". Decius is already on Caesar's good side. After catching up on Calpurnia's dream, he uses his quick wit to distort Calpurnia's foreshadowing dream by saying it is "misinterpreted". He explains that the dream "Signifies that from (Caesar) Rome shall suck/Reviving blood, and that great men shall press/for tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance" (II, ii, 31). Caesar seems to be amazed by this version of the interpretation; in fact, he likes this version a lot better mainly because Decius uses so much flattery. Antony deceives Brutus and the other conspirators with his keen wit and his sweet talk. After a brief minute of expressing sorrow, Antony goes right into saying "Friends am I with you all, and love you all" (III, I, 42). Antony is using flattery in order to get Brutus on his good side so he can speak in the order of Caesar's funeral. Antony asks Brutus if he can, Brutus agrees without hesitation.

Group Manuscript

Bacterial cells are a common choice for in vivo replication of DNA of interest, and in this study, the heat shock method was employed for bacterial transformation. Plasmids, which are DNA molecules themselves, were used as expression vectors for the DNA of interest, the GAP gene. Because only transformed cells exhibit antibiotic resistance, trans armed cells survived on plates containing inclining. Only those cells that took up plasmid s containing the GAP gene fluoresced in IV light.By restriction enzyme analysis and gel electro prophesiers, the relationship between genotype and phenotype was observed using isolated p zamias from the bacteria. Because the presence of the GAP gene codes for fluorescence, it is expected t hat a genotype coding for the protein would express the glowing phenotype. Regular action of GAP gene expression was observed in samples that were grown with rabbinate, inimical in, and varying amounts Of glucose. Our results Suggest that the presence Of glucose in t he s rounding environment inhibited transcription from the rabbinate bad promoter. Age 3 INTRODUCTION This study examined the transcriptional regulation Of the rabbinate Oberon pr emoted found in Escherichia coli (E. Coli). To facilitate this study, the Green Fluorescence t protein (GAP) was utilized as a reporter gene with the rabbinate promoter. The KEEP gene w as 772 base pairs (BP) long and was extracted from Quarrel Victoria. This gene was implanted into plasmids, which were inserted into the E. Coli through bacterial transformation (3). In order to obtain enough copies of these DNA samples in a reasonable ammo NT of time, two methods can be used.The first is considered in vitro , or in glass, (such as a test tube) and is known as polymerase chain reaction. This method, in which a machine heats t he DNA sample ND Tag polymerase clones the DNA, is expensive and less convenient, so it is not always used. The other method is In Vivo , or in life, and is called transformation. This method was used in this experiment by shocking E. Coli bacteria with heat in order for them to take in plasmids that were transformed to contain the GAP gene. Not all bacteria were transformed, and not all transformed bacteria contained the GAP gene.To differentiate between transformed and n untransformed bacteria, they were grown on inclining, as the transformed bacteria were rest assistant to impact Olin but the untransformed bacteria were killed by it. The plasmids with and with out the GAP gene were differentiated by visualization under IV light (4). The genotype of the remaining plasmids, both transformed and nontransparent med, were then tested to determine the relationship between the genotype, or plasmid c imposition, and phenotype, or presence of fluorescence.The plasmids were removed from the e bacteria, with some samples left whole as controls and others cut into pieces by restriction enzymes. In this case, doll, originating from Hemophilia influenza , was the enzyme use d to cut the plasmids Page 4 at their respective Hind doll sites, where the GAP gene would have been inserted. This was done to determine whether or not the KEEP gene was taken in by the plasmids when it was electrophoresis, as the difference in size of the pieces was observed in the gag arose gel (4).Even though a transformed bacterium may have had the GAP gene in its insert Ted plasmid, it needed the promoter bad (consisting of genes Arab, area, and award) and t he GAP gene in the right direction and position in order for the bacterium to have the potent al for fluorescence. It may still not have fluoresced if there was not enough rabbinate present for the bad promoter to run, or if a high concentration of glucose inside the cell was present to rep as the bad promoter.With all the necessary genetic coding for fluorescence, the amount that was visible depended on the amount of glucose present, as no glucose caused it to floorer see brightly, and a low concentration made it glow dul ly (4). Each step of this experiment was vital in analyzing the transcriptional regulate on of the rabbinate Oberon promoter. Through bacterial transformation, recombinant DNA and cloning methods were used in order to insert the GAP gene into the plasmid.The pellet of cells was then resume need using a pipette and vortex mixer. This allows for a XX concentration to be obtained. After spreading, the four plates were incubated upside down (overnight at 370 C) in a microbial incubator. Following incubation each plate was placed upside down n a IV box and photographed. Restriction Analysis In restriction analysis, two restriction enzyme digestion reactions (one uncut b Y enzyme, one cut by enzyme) occurred for each of the two DNA samples (nonresistant and non page 6 fluorescent, resistant and inflorescent, and resistant and fluorescent).For the uncut samples, components were added in the following order: Pl XIX Buffer ( supplied by environment by life technologies†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ containi ng: 100 mm Trisect, pH 7. 5 100 mm Magical mm Theoretical 500 mm Nasal), 1 Pl Water, and 5 Pl DNA For the uncut samples, components were e added in the allowing order: Pl XIX Buffer, Pl Water, pi DNA, and III Handbill NZ. (sup plied by invitation by life technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ). After all components were added they were mixed by overexerting and collected at the bottom of the tubes by using the microelectronic gem The tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37 co.Following incubation, Pl of XIX loading g buffer (1% (w/v) SD (sodium decoded sulfate) 50% (v/v) glycerol 0. 05% (w/ v) bronchiole blue) was added to each tube. The samples were mixed by overexerting and collected at the e bottom of the tubes using the microelectronic- Agrees gel electrophoresis was prepared by ding Pl of 1 KGB plus ladder ( supplied by environment by life technologies†Ã¢â‚¬ ) into the first and final well. 12. Pl of each sample was then loaded into remaining wells on the gel and the electro prioress was run for 1 hour at 1 VIVO.The gels were then placed in a IV box and photographed. Using the photo of the gel, the genotypes of each sample were verified. This was done by finding the size of fragments through comparison with the DNA standard ladder. Gene Expression TO allow for observation Of phenotypes gene expression, bacteria were transfer erred to three types of media: inducing, introducing, and repressing. Five plates were used: LB,'Amp, LB/Marry, LB/Amp/AR/Glue 0. 2%, LB/Amp/AR/Glue 0. 5%, LB/ Amp/AR/Glue 2% (xx).On each plate, bacteria with empty plasmids and therefore no GAP gene for flour essence were spread on one half, and bacteria with plasmids containing the GAP insert were e transferred to the Page 7 other. Both of these types of cells came from a master plate. Using a sterile to toothpick, each type of bacteria was patched in the appropriate area of each plate. GAP+ bacteria were patched in a â€Å"+† shape, while GAP bacteria were patched in a shap e. Plates were labeled properly and Leary and were placed Poseidon in a ICC incubator overnight.Plates were e observed for fluorescent bacteria on the IV transformational box after 24 hours, after 72 h ours, and again after 96 hours. Page 8 RESULTS Bacterial Transformation In order to investigate GAP gene expression, it was first necessary to obtain co pies of the DNA of interest through bacterial transformation, which allowed for plasmid ( and sometimes GAP) uptake by numerous bacterium. Phenotypes results from this procedure can suggest possible genotypes. Transformation plates that were prepared after heat shoo KC transformation can be Seen in Figure 2.Individual colonies were visible on each AMP+ plate, while a lawn of bacteria had formed on the AMP plate and individual colonies were not discern enable. Under IV light, fluorescence was observed in those colonies expressing the GAP gene. If guru E highlights the difference observed between glowing and knowing bacterial colonies. The fraction of colonies that appear fluorescent and are assumed to be GAP+ is noted in Table e 1 along with complete results of this bacterial transformation (4).Structural Analysis by Restriction Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis TO confirm the structure Of DNA plasmid genotypes, samples were run through h gel electrophoresis after being treated with a restriction enzyme specific for cleave ins the gene of interest (GAP). Standards were run along with each of the components on the electrophoresis gel. In order to determine size in base pairs of fragments of interest, a graph of the e relationship between the size and migration of the bands in the 1 KGB plus DNA Ladder was assembled (Figure 4), and a line of best fit was determined.The relationship between the base 1 O log of size and migration is linear, and graphing them together gave a trend line with an ex. action useful in determining the size of experimental fragments with known migration values. These were the fragments obtai ned by cleaving the plasmids with the Handbill restriction enzyme. Table 2 page 9 organizes the sizes and migration distances for the fragments of the standard included during electrophoresis. These values were used to construct the calibration curve m mentioned before (Figure 4).Figure 3 shows the agrees gel obtained by gel electrophoresis. Ta able 3 lists all sizes determined based on comparison with the calibration curve generated from migration standards (Figure 4). Sizes are noted for both the vector and the insert (4). Analysis of Reporter Gene Expression Investigation of gene regulation and interaction of environmental rabbinate a ND/or glucose with genotype required GAP+ cells to be spread on various plates, an d fluorescence to be observed over time.Table 4 summarizes the observations of the phenotype o f patches streaked onto AMP plates containing or lacking rabbinate and/ or glucose. Glowing patches suggest expression of the GAP gene. Observations show that the rabbinate sample pop site for the GAP insert fluoresced brightly as time went on. The sample with rabbinate and 0. 2 % glucose increasingly fluoresced over time, while plates higher in percentage glucose c imposition did not fluoresce. Cells that were GAP were also spread in order to serve as a surrogate et marker.These cells do not contain the gene for GAP, so they will not fluoresce under IV light . This gives a comparison, making it easier to determine if cells are expressing GAP fluoresce once or not page 10 DISCUSSION Regulation of Gene Expression: The samples that were grown with rabbinate, inclining, and varying amounts of glucose showed that the presence of glucose in a bacterium's surrounding environment NT can affect the ability of its rabbinate bad promoter. The plate with no glucose added flour cede brightly, while the plates with glucose added showed very little to no fluorescence.The only plate with glucose added that fluoresced in the end was the plate with the least glucose ad ded These results are due to the glucose inhibiting the rabbinate Oberon from trap inscribing the bad promoter DNA. When glucose is present in a bacterium, the cell metal likes the glucose instead of the rabbinate, and the rabbinate Oberon is not utilized. However, when the cell is lacking glucose, it reaches a state of â€Å"hunger† and begins producing cyclic adenosine Mephistopheles (CAMP). This reacts with the CAMP receptor protein (CROP), who chi allows the cell to use rabbinate to induce the transcription of the rabbinate bad prom otter.This promoter contains the genes Arab area , and award, which are part of the rabbinate Oberon. This system can only function if rabbinate is present in the cell; otherwise the gene arc will prevent the rabbinate Oberon from carrying out transcription by forming a â€Å"knot,† or loop in the DNA The rabbinate bad promoter reacts with the GAP gene to show when the Arabian SSE Oberon is in use and how strongly it is induced by rabbi nate (5). The plate with the least glucose added began to glow over time, as the cell be an using up the glucose in its environment by metabolize it for energy.It started to FL recurrences dully once the concentration of glucose was not high enough to fully repress the AR baboons Oberon, showing that there is a range of repression and induction, not just a state of † on† and â€Å"off' for page 11 these function. The more the bacteria used the glucose, the less of it was arrow ND to repress the Oberon, which is why its fluorescence strength grew over time. If the study WA s to be continued past the 96 hour mark, all of the plates would have eventually fluoresced as t hey used up their loses resources and began activating the rabbinate Oberon (4).